Craniofacial Dimensions as Determinants of the Fitted Performance of Common Face Masks (FACEFIT 2.0)
This study examines the role of craniofacial dimensions and self-evaluation thereof in the protection afforded by masks commonly worn by the public as protection against aerosol contaminants. The effectiveness of instructions for self-evaluation of craniofacial dimensions will be tested against standard digital and manual craniometric methods. Approximately 500 (18+ year old) subjects.
There will be two groups to complete this study (Group A and B). After consenting to participate in the study, subjects in Group A will use a short self-assessment questionnaire to measure their craniofacial dimensions, fill out a questionnaire, and have their face measured using standard anthropological techniques and a 3D camera. They will then enter a chamber containing an atmosphere of aerosolized salt particles where the fitted filtering efficiency of 2 types of face masks will be measured briefly. Subjects in Group B will only complete the craniometric assessment, self-assessment, and questionnaire.
Participation time is approximately 60 minutes for Group A and 15 minutes for Group B.
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Wearing a face mask is a primary protection strategy against airborne infectious agents as well as toxic aerosols such as wildfire smoke. Despite the ubiquitous presence of masks in public life in recent years, the average person has a poor understanding of factors that influence the fitted performance of the face coverings that they wear. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of mask fit testing available to the public outside of occupational settings subject to regulation. As a result, the vast majority of the population currently wears masks with limited knowledge of their efficacy or the means to acquire it. A simple, validated method to quantitatively self-assess individual craniofacial dimensions relative to that of the general population will permit members of the public to make informed decisions about the types of mask that they wear in specific risk situations, and whether to use fit enhancements to optimize their fitted performance. In addition to limiting the morbidity associated with exposure to poor air quality, an individualized improvement in the efficacy of mask will have a multiplicative effect in the prevention of the transmission of infectious vectors.
Assignment to study groups will be done to ensure equal variation in craniofacial dimensions is equally represented in Group A. This will ensure that data on the relationship between craniofacial morphology and mask efficiency has an approximately equal samples of those with small to large faces.
Group A: Healthy, adult subjects will be recruited and screened for eligibility for the study (See inclusion and exclusion criteria)(See Recruitment section). After giving informed consent, all subjects will complete a craniometric self-assessment form. Next, cranial and facial measurements will be collected using standard anthropological techniques and 3D imaging. Subjects will then participate in a modified version of the quantitative OSHA mask fit testing. Two disposable masks, surgical/procedure and KN95, will be tested both unmodified and modified with a clip. Participants will also complete a short questionnaire.
Group B: Healthy, adult subjects will be recruited and screened for eligibility for the study (See inclusion and exclusion criteria)(See Recruitment section). After giving informed consent, all subjects will complete a craniometric assessment using standard anthropological techniques and 3D imaging. Participants will also complete a short questionnaire.
Recruitment: Subjects will be recruited from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park Campus. Participants will be recruited in person at the cafeteria and during large gatherings (see in-person script and flyer).
STUDY SESSIONS Subjects who are not excluded from the initial screening will be scheduled for consenting at an EPA study facility. At the start of the visit, the study protocol will be outlined, and informed consent obtained to initiate enrollment into the study. There will be one session in this study. Consenting subjects will proceed immediately to the participation phase.
Consenting: There will be one (2) study consent form (form FF2.0 1 & 2). FF2.0 1 is used for participants in Group A and FF2.02 is used for participants in Group B. These consent forms must be signed by the participant and the study team member obtaining informed consent. The subjects may ask any questions they have regarding their participation in the study at any time prior to or during their participation. For Group A, persons with child-bearing potential will be required to self-administer a pregnancy test in a private bathroom. Those who self-administer a pregnancy test will have to confirm the results on the consent form in order to proceed to the study phase.
(Groups A and B) Behavioral questionnaire: Subjects will complete a short questionnaire (Form FF2.0 3) that asks about their predisposition to wear a face mask under a variety of scenarios. This information will be used to guide public health communications during air quality emergencies.
(Group A) Assessment of self-evaluation instructions for craniofacial measurements: Subjects will use instructions presented in a self-evaluation form (Form FF2.0 3) to measure their own craniofacial dimensions using the rulers provided and a mirror. Subjects will receive no assistance with completing the self-assessment form. At intervals of approximately, 10-40 subjects, measurements obtained in the self-evaluation will be compared to the craniofacial measurements obtained by a study team member. The results of the comparison will be used to guide revisions of the instruction in the self-evaluation form in an iterative manner. The protocol will be amended accordingly to update changes to the self-evaluation instructions.
(Groups A and B) Measurements: First, the subjects height and weight will be measured using standard methods (scale and stadiometer). They will be asked to remove their shoes and empty their pockets before being weighed. Four to eight face, head, and neck features will also be measured using spreading and sliding calipers and a measuring tape. Trained personnel (wearing gloves) will palpate the subjects face and to ensure proper caliper measurements are collected. Cosmetic pencils will be used to identify landmarks on the face and neck in order assist in the measurement of craniofacial features.
(Groups A and B) 3D Imaging: Following facial measurements, a study team member will take a 3D picture of the subject's face using a camera. The image takes approximately 10 seconds to generate. We will first position the subject in from of the camera and ask them to tighten any loose hair so we can have a clear view of their ears. It is recommended that subjects wear a non-collared shirt, preferably a t-shirt. If they wear a hair style that impacts 3D imaging, we may ask that them tie their hair in a ponytail or wear a provided skull cap. They may also be asked to remove any jewelry that may interfere with 3D facial measurements.
(Group A) Lung Function Test. Participants will complete a breathing test (peak flow meter) before and after the facemask testing. Study personnel will coach the participant to take a full breath in and then blow it out as hard and fast as they can. They may be asked to do this up to five times. This test measures the volume of air they can blow out (exhale) quickly after taking a very deep breath. This is a method to measure lung function before and after the testing procedure for safety purposes. We will stop the study and not complete the mask fit testing if the participant's peak expiratory flow (as measured with the peak flow meter) is not ≥ 80.0% of their predicted value based on their age, height, and weight.
(Group A) Assessment of filtering face piece (FFP) use: The range of variability that exists in the subject population while wearing two different types of face coverings will be assessed. Masks will consist of a KN95 mask and a surgical/procedure mask. The fitted filtration efficiency of each mask will be measured using aerosolized sodium chloride particles (mean aerodynamic diameter 0.040 microns) emitted by a particle generator. During the fit testing, the concentration of aerosolized saline particles emitted by a TSI Particle Generator will be approximately 5000-30000 particles/cc of air. The temperature in the chamber will vary between 20 and 30 oC, the relative humidity will be maintained at approximately 50 %.
The subject will remain seated in the chamber and complete a modified version the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Quantitative Fit Testing Protocol (Modified Ambient Aerosol CNC Quantitative Fit Testing Protocol for Filtering Facepiece TableA-2-RESPIRATORS). The subject will then move their head from left to right, taking two breaths at each extreme for 30 seconds. This will be followed by moving the head up and down, taking two beaths at each extreme for 30 seconds. The procedure will be repeated after the addition of a clip to the ear-loops of the mask behind the neck of the subject. In total, the testing time for the 2 masks with and without clip will be approximately 6 minutes.
Study Type
Enrollment (Estimated)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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North Carolina
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Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27709
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
- Adult
- Older Adult
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Group A:
- 18-70 years of age.
- Currently healthy.
- Comfortable in enclosed spaces such as a walk-in closet.
- Able to read and understand these instructions in English or Spanish well enough to give informed consent.
- No facial hair (clean shaven morning of participation)
- BMI (kg/m2) of >16.0 and <50.0
Group B:
- 18 years and older
- Currently healthy
- Able to read and understand these instructions in English or Spanish well enough to give informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
Group A:
- Not feeling well.
- Unable to walk unassisted, stand or sit still for 15 minutes at a time.
- Suffered a heart attack, cardiac arrest or stroke in the past 6 months.
- Have been hospitalized overnight or sought urgent medical care in the last 30 days.
- Have an unspecified illness, which in the judgment of the medical staff, might increase the risk associated with this study will be a basis for exclusion.
- Pregnant, attempting to become pregnant or breastfeeding.
- BMI (kg/m2) of ≤16.0 or ≥ 50.0
- Have a facial hair style that will interfere with the facemask seal.
Group B:
- Not feeling well.
- Unable to sit still for 5 minutes
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Basic Science
- Allocation: Non-Randomized
- Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
|---|---|
|
Experimental: Mask Testing
All participants will be fit tested while completing a modified version of the OSHA fit test.
The subject will remain seated in the chamber and complete a modified version the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Quantitative Fit Testing Protocol (Modified Ambient Aerosol CNC Quantitative Fit Testing Protocol for Filtering Facepiece TableA-2-RESPIRATORS).
The subject will then move their head from left to right, taking two breaths at each extreme for 30 seconds.
This will be followed by moving the head up and down, taking two beaths at each extreme for 30 seconds.
The procedure will be repeated after the addition of a clip to the ear-loops of the mask behind the neck of the subject.
In total, the testing time for the 2 masks with and without clip will be approximately 6 minutes.
|
All participants will wear a surgical/procedure mask and be fit tested using a modified version of the OSHA quantitative fit testing procedure.
All participants will wear a KN95 mask and be fit tested using a modified version of the OSHA quantitative fit testing procedure.
|
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No Intervention: Craniometric and Behavioral Assessment
First, the subjects height and weight will be measured using standard methods (scale and stadiometer). They will be asked to remove their shoes and empty their pockets before being weighed. Four to eight face, head, and neck features will also be measured using spreading and sliding calipers and a measuring tape. Trained personnel (wearing gloves) will palpate the subjects face and to ensure proper caliper measurements are collected. Cosmetic pencils will be used to identify landmarks on the face and neck in order assist in the measurement of craniofacial features. Following facial measurements, a study team member will take a 3D picture of the subject's face using a camera. The image takes approximately 10 seconds to generate. We will first position the subject in from of the camera and ask them to tighten any loose hair so we can have a clear view of their ears. It is recommended that subjects wear a non-collared shirt, preferably a t-shirt. If they wea |
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Fitted Filtration Efficiency
Time Frame: During fitting procedure (90 seconds for each condition)
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A mask fit procedure will be performed based on an OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)- approved protocol during the baseline visit.
The efficiency of masks will be determined by a percentage of particle number measured behind the facemask over the particle number in the ambient air.
Mask fit efficiency values from different levels of mask fit instructions will be compared.
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During fitting procedure (90 seconds for each condition)
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Cranial Morphology- Self Evaluation
Time Frame: The self-evaluation will take approximately ten minutes and be filled out once during the study visit (Day 1).
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Cranial morphology will be assessed using a self-evaluation that guides participants on how to measure five dimensions of their head/face including: nose length, nose arc, face width, neck circumference, and ear breadth.
Participants will record their measurement for each cranial/facial features using the instructions provided on the self-evaluation form.
Investigators will then use the five recorded values to cluster each participant into one of four categories of overall face and head shape/size.
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The self-evaluation will take approximately ten minutes and be filled out once during the study visit (Day 1).
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Cranial Morphology- Caliper Measurement
Time Frame: The craniometric assessment will take approximately 5 minutes and be completed before the fit testing procedure.
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Calipers will be used to measure craniofacial features of each subject.
Trained personnel (wearing gloves) will need to touch areas of the subject's face and scalp to ensure proper caliper measurements are collected.
Measurements to be collected include: nose length, face width, neck circumference, and ear breadth.
All measurements have a common unit (cm).
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The craniometric assessment will take approximately 5 minutes and be completed before the fit testing procedure.
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Cranial Morphology- 3D Imaging
Time Frame: The 3D imaging will take approximately 5 minutes and be completed before the fit testing procedure.
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Subjects will self-administer a 3D scan of their face by aligning their head inside of an oval shown on the camera screen, triggering the camera shutter.
The image takes about 3 seconds to generate and subjects will be asked to remain still during this time.
The acquired facial images will be analyzed using digital image analysis software.
The images will be analyzed to measure the participant's nose gap area.
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The 3D imaging will take approximately 5 minutes and be completed before the fit testing procedure.
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FaceFit 2.0 Face Filtering PIece Usage Survey
Time Frame: This survey will take about five minutes and be completed before the mask fit testing.
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Subjects will take a brief questionnaire regarding their masking behavior and perceptions of masks.
The questionnaire will also ask participants to rate how big/small they think their head length, width, and size is compared to adults of the same age/gender.
The survey is comprised of 34 questions that fall into the following sections: sociodemographic information, mask perception, experience with mask usage, knowledge of particulate matter vs. volatile organic compounds, and perception of face shape and size.
All questions consist of four or five point likert scales corresponding to ordinal scores (No Impact to Significant Impact, 1-5)(Most Likely to Least Likely, 1-4).
All questions correspond to the participant's knowledge or perception and are recorded on an ordinal scale and thus the survey has no "directionality".
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This survey will take about five minutes and be completed before the mask fit testing.
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Collaborators and Investigators
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: James Samet, PhD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Estimated)
Study Completion (Estimated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Other Study ID Numbers
- 24-0349
- FACEFIT 2.0 (Other Identifier: EPA)
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
IPD Plan Description
IPD Sharing Time Frame
IPD Sharing Access Criteria
IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type
- STUDY_PROTOCOL
- ICF
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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