Investigation of The Impact of Education Given to Grandmothers on Their Self-Confidence in Baby Care and Anxiety

Although there are studies in the literature on the effects of antenatal education on pregnant women, there are no interventional studies on the education of grandmothers, who play an important role in the care of the newborn baby. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of antenatal education given to grandmothers on anxiety and self-confidence in baby care. The type of study is a randomized controlled experimental study with pre-post and control groups. The training will be given face to face to grandmothers reached through social media. At the beginning of the study, the sample size was calculated in the G-Power program by taking as reference a similar study in which the same scale (Pharis Self-Confidence Scale) was used. According to the t-test in independent groups, 95% confidence interval, 95% power and high effect size (0.98), a total of 48 people were required, 24 experimental and 24 control. Women who apply to receive training will be assigned to intervention and control groups in a block randomised manner according to their application numbers. Intention-to-treat analysis will be performed to prevent bias and losses. A total of six hours of training will be provided to the intervention group. The program content will be prepared by researchers based on literature and using childbirth preparation education philosophies.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Voluntarily Accepting to Participate in the Study; At Least Primary School Graduate; Willing to Have Grandchildren or Having Grandchildren; Not Diagnosed With Any Psychiatric Illness
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: The training

Detailed Description

The research is a randomized controlled experimental study with a pre-test-post-test control group. The research will be conducted with women who are grandmothers. At the beginning of the study, the sample size was calculated in the G-Power program by taking as reference a similar study in which the same scale (Pharis Self-Confidence Scale) was used. According to the t-test in independent groups, 95% confidence interval, 95% power and high effect size (0.98), a total of 48 people were required, 24 experimental and 24 control. Participants will be reached via social media. In this study, the Introductory Information Form, Pharis Self-Confidence Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Scale and Grandchild Care Knowledge Measurement Questionnaire, which reflect the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, will be used. Women who apply with the request to receive training will be assigned to the intervention and control groups in a block randomization according to their application numbers. Intention-to-treat analysis will be performed to prevent bias and losses. As the randomization method, "block randomization" will be used to ensure that the sample size is equal in the study and control groups. Randomization will be done using the www.randomizer.org application. Data will be analyzed using the SPSS (23.0) package program. Alpha 0.05 will be accepted for significance. Mann Whitney U test and Chi-Square tests will be used to determine whether there is a difference between the groups in terms of demographic variables. Mann Whitney U test will be used to determine the difference between the Pharis Self-Esteem Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale scores between the groups.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 48
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Kınıklı
    • Denizli, Kınıklı, Turkey (Türkiye), 20160
      • Pamukkale University Faculty of Health Sciences

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Voluntarily accepting to participate in the study
• At least primary school graduate
• Willing to have grandchildren or having grandchildren
• Not diagnosed with any psychiatric illness

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not willing to participate in the study
• Not having at least a primary school degree
• Being diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder
• Not having grandchildren or not having grandchildren

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Experimental grup	Behavioral: The training; Behavioral: Antenatal Education Education Hours: The training will be completed in a total of three weeks and six hours, two hours each week. Method: The training will be in a total of three weeks and six hours, two hours each week. "Informed Voluntary Consent Form" will be obtained from individuals in both groups. Grandmothers in both the control and intervention groups will be asked to fill out the "Introductory Information Form, Pharis Self-Confidence Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Scale and Knowledge Measurement Questionnaire for Grandchild Care" measurement tools. The data of the intervention group will be filled in before and after the training. The data of the control group will be filled in parallel with the intervention group. At the end of the study, the same training will be applied to the control group. Group to receive training: Grandmothers who are expecting a grandchild and have a grandchild will be included in the training.
No Intervention: Control group; No intervention grup

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Introductory Information Form	This form, created in line with the literature, consists of 9 questions that include some socio-demographic characteristics of grandmothers.	It will be applied to both the experimental and control groups within 3 days before the training.
Knowledge Measurement Survey for Grandchild Care	This survey will be used to measure the knowledge level of grandmothers on topics parallel to the training content to be created and the effectiveness of the planned training. The survey consists of 25 questions.	It will be applied to both the experimental and control groups within 3 days before the training.
State and Trait Anxiety Scale	The scale was developed by Spielberger et al to determine state and trait anxiety levels separately . The Turkish adaptation of the form was made by Öner et al. The Cronbach Alpha value of the State Anxiety Scale was found to be between 0.83-0.87, and the Cronbach Alpha value of the Trait Anxiety Scale was found to be between 0.94-0.96. The inventory has two separate scales, each consisting of 20 items: State Anxiety Scale: Determines how the individual feels at a certain moment and under certain conditions.; Trait Anxiety Scale: Determines how the individual generally feels, regardless of the situation and conditions they are in.	It will be applied to both the experimental and control groups within 3 days before the training.
Pharis Self-Confidence Scale	First developed by Pharis and later by Walker the internal consistency reliability was found to be between 71-91 in a study. In 2003, the validity reliability in Turkey was made by Hüsniye Çalışır. The Pharis self-confidence scale, a 13-item five-point measurement tool, measures a parent's own feelings of confidence about daily baby care. Each baby care item is rated from one (not at all) to five (completely). A high score indicates high self-confidence in baby care. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.86	It will be applied to both the experimental and control groups within 3 days before the training.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Knowledge Measurement Survey for Grandchild Care	This survey will be used to measure the knowledge level of grandmothers on topics parallel to the training content to be created and the effectiveness of the planned training. The survey consists of 25 questions.	The scale will be applied to the experimental group within 3 days after the training, and to the control group at parallel times with the experimental group.
State and Trait Anxiety Scale	The scale was developed by Spielberger et al to determine state and trait anxiety levels separately . The Turkish adaptation of the form was made by Öner et al. The Cronbach Alpha value of the State Anxiety Scale was found to be between 0.83-0.87, and the Cronbach Alpha value of the Trait Anxiety Scale was found to be between 0.94-0.96. The inventory has two separate scales, each consisting of 20 items: State Anxiety Scale: Determines how the individual feels at a certain moment and under certain conditions.; Trait Anxiety Scale: Determines how the individual generally feels, regardless of the situation and conditions they are in.	The scale will be applied to the experimental group within 3 days after the training, and to the control group at parallel times with the experimental group.
Pharis Self-Confidence Scale	First developed by Pharis and later by Walker the internal consistency reliability was found to be between 71-91 in a study. In 2003, the validity reliability in Turkey was made by Hüsniye Çalışır. The Pharis self-confidence scale, a 13-item five-point measurement tool, measures a parent's own feelings of confidence about daily baby care. Each baby care item is rated from one (not at all) to five (completely). A high score indicates high self-confidence in baby care.The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.86	The scale will be applied to the experimental group within 3 days after the training, and to the control group at parallel times with the experimental group.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Pamukkale University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 13, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 10, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): October 10, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 14, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 6, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): December 9, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): December 12, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 11, 2025
• Last Verified: December 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Grandmother education; Grandchild care; Sense of self-confidence
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: E-60116787-020-468763

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No