Influence on Food Liking of Adding Spices to Replace Sugar Using CLT

Influence of Food Liking of Adding Spices to Replace Dietary Sugar Using Sequential Monadic CLT Methodology

This study aims to reduce the amount of sugar in a particular food item and add spices to see if the food liking of that item rates as high or higher in a post meal survey. Through taste testing of the menu items (using sequential monadic CLT methodology) the investigators will determine an opinion of the participants. Results of these surveys will determine whether participants enjoy the reduced sugar options as much as their full sugar counterparts.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Normal Subjects Who Agree to Participate in Taste Testing
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Apple Crisp; Other: Tea; Other: Oatmeal

Detailed Description

The investigators will compare the overall consumer acceptability of each of three test items (tea, oatmeal and apple crisp) across the three test conditions using central location test (CLT) and cross-over design. The three test conditions for each test item will be (1) Full sugar ("FS"), (2) reduced sugar (and calorie) with no added spice ("RS") and (3) reduced sugar (and calorie) plus spice ("RSS"). The two reduced sugar items will be matched for calories. Subjects will be provided the test items using sequential monadic CLT methodology (Central Location Test methodology which involves product evaluation after a brief exposure (one sample-subject contact) under standardized conditions whereby subjects are given each of the 3 recipes of each test item (e.g., oatmeal with full sugar, oatmeal with reduced sugar, oatmeal with reduced plus spice) back to back (all within one sitting) in a random order. The investigators are interested in using the sequential monadic CLT methodology and having subjects taste all 3 recipes of each item in one sitting which is a commonly used test modality for sensory studies.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 150
• Phase: Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

-ages 18-65

Exclusion Criteria:

• diagnosed taste or sensory disorder
• known eating disorder
• allergies to test food/ingredients
• medical conditions that may adversely affect taste (ie: dysgeusia)
• inability to complete protocol or to participate in all three taste testing sessions
• personal dietary restrictions towards test items
• dislike of the particular food items to be served in taste tests
• subjects who do not consume foods or beverages that contain sugar or to which they have added sugar will be excluded
• subjects who have not consumed or would not be willing to consume hot tea, oatmeal or baked apple products will be excluded
• subjects who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant will be excluded

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: full sugar recipe; Each subject was randomly assigned to one of six possible sequences to taste three recipes of each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal). The three recipes were full sugar recipe (FS), reduced sugar recipe (RS) and reduced sugar plus spice recipe (RSS). Each subject was randomly assigned to one of the below sequence schedules for each taste test whereby A, B, and C refer to one of the three recipes (FS, RS, or RSS): Sequence 1: A, B, C Sequence 2: A, C, B Sequence 3: B, A, C Sequence 4: B, C, A Sequence 5: C, A, B Sequence 6: C, B, A	Other: Apple Crisp; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe) of apple crisp in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).; Other: Tea; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe) of tea in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).; Other: Oatmeal; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe of oatmeal in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).
Experimental: reduced sugar recipe; Each subject was randomly assigned to one of six possible sequences to taste three recipes of each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal). The three recipes were full sugar recipe (FS), reduced sugar recipe (RS) and reduced sugar plus spice recipe (RSS). Each subject was randomly assigned to one of the below sequence schedules for each taste test whereby A, B, and C refer to one of the three recipes (FS, RS, or RSS): Sequence 1: A, B, C Sequence 2: A, C, B Sequence 3: B, A, C Sequence 4: B, C, A Sequence 5: C, A, B Sequence 6: C, B, A	Other: Apple Crisp; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe) of apple crisp in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).; Other: Tea; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe) of tea in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).; Other: Oatmeal; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe of oatmeal in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).
Experimental: reduced sugar plus spice recipe; Each subject was randomly assigned to one of six possible sequences to taste three recipes of each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal). The three recipes were full sugar recipe (FS), reduced sugar recipe (RS) and reduced sugar plus spice recipe (RSS). Each subject was randomly assigned to one of the below sequence schedules for each taste test whereby A, B, and C refer to one of the three recipes (FS, RS, or RSS): Sequence 1: A, B, C Sequence 2: A, C, B Sequence 3: B, A, C Sequence 4: B, C, A Sequence 5: C, A, B Sequence 6: C, B, A	Other: Apple Crisp; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe) of apple crisp in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).; Other: Tea; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe) of tea in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).; Other: Oatmeal; Subjects tasted the three recipes (full sugar recipe, reduced sugar recipe, and reduced sugar plus spice recipe of oatmeal in a randomized sequence schedule. Tastings for each test item (apple crisp, tea and oatmeal) were done during separate weeks. Subjects tasted each recipe of an item at one sitting (ie: subject completed apple crisp tastings during one seating during first week, oatmeal tastings during one seating the next week and tea tastings during one seating the next and final week).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Overall Liking of Apple Crisp	Overall liking of apple crisp with a 9-point hedonic rating scale instrument (whereby 0 = dislike extremely and 9 = like extremely )	Day of taste testing
Overall Liking of Tea	Overall liking of tea with a 9-point hedonic rating scale instrument (whereby 0 = dislike extremely and 9 = like extremely )	day of taste testing
Overall Liking of Oatmeal	Overall liking of oatmeal with a 9-point hedonic rating scale instrument (whereby 0 = dislike extremely and 9 = like extremely )	day of taste testing

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Ranking of Full Sugar Recipe of Apple Crisp	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	day of taste testing
Ranking of Reduced Sugar Recipe of Apple Crisp	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	day of taste testing
Ranking of Reduced Sugar Plus Spice Recipe of Apple Crisp	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	day of taste testing
Ranking of Reduced Sugar Recipe of Tea	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	Day of taste testings
Ranking of Full Sugar Recipe of Tea	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	day of taste testing
Ranking of Reduced Sugar Plus Spice Recipe of Tea	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	day of taste testing
Ranking of Reduced Sugar Recipe of Oatmeal	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	day of taste testing
Ranking of Full Sugar Recipe of Oatmeal	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	day of taste testing
Ranking of Reduced Sugar Plus Spice Oatmeal	Subjects ranked each recipe in order of likability as first, second or third.	day of taste testing

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Colorado, Denver
• Collaborators: McCormick Science Institute
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: John C. Peters, PhD, University of Colorado, Denver

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Johnson RJ, Segal MS, Sautin Y, Nakagawa T, Feig DI, Kang DH, Gersch MS, Benner S, Sanchez-Lozada LG. Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;86(4):899-906. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.899.
• Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, Erdman JW Jr, Kris-Etherton P, Goldberg IJ, Kotchen TA, Lichtenstein AH, Mitch WE, Mullis R, Robinson K, Wylie-Rosett J, St Jeor S, Suttie J, Tribble DL, Bazzarre TL. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000 Oct 31;102(18):2284-99. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2284. No abstract available.
• Essed NH, Kleikers S, van Staveren WA, Kok FJ, de Graaf C. No effect on intake and liking of soup enhanced with mono-sodium glutamate and celery powder among elderly people with olfactory and/or gustatory loss. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 5:143-54. doi: 10.1080/09637480802710216. Epub 2009 May 21.
• Howard BV, Wylie-Rosett J. Sugar and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Nutrition of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2002 Jul 23;106(4):523-7. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000019552.77778.04. No abstract available. Erratum In: Circulation. 2003 Apr 29;107(16)2166.
• Trumbo P, Schlicker S, Yates AA, Poos M; Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, The National Academies. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Nov;102(11):1621-30. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90346-9. No abstract available. Erratum In: J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 May;103(5):563.
• Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation. 2010 Mar 23;121(11):1356-64. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185. No abstract available.
• Peters JC, Polsky S, Stark R, Zhaoxing P, Hill JO. The influence of herbs and spices on overall liking of reduced fat food. Appetite. 2014 Aug;79:183-8. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.019. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
• Polsky S, Beck J, Stark RA, Pan Z, Hill JO, Peters JC. The influence of herbs, spices, and regular sausage and chicken consumption on liking of reduced fat breakfast and lunch items. J Food Sci. 2014 Oct;79(10):S2117-26. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12643. Epub 2014 Sep 12.
• McGuire S. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, January 2011. Adv Nutr. 2011 May;2(3):293-4. doi: 10.3945/an.111.000430. Epub 2011 Apr 30. No abstract available.
• Peters JC, Marker R, Pan Z, Breen JA, Hill JO. The Influence of Adding Spices to Reduced Sugar Foods on Overall Liking. J Food Sci. 2018 Mar;83(3):814-821. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14069. Epub 2018 Feb 24.
• King, SC, Snow, J, Meiselman, HL, Sainsbury, J, Carr, BT, McCafferty, D, Serrano, D, Gillette, M, Millard, L, Li, Q. Development of a questionnaire to measure consumer wellness associated with foods; The WellSense Profile. Food Quality and Preference 39: 82-94, 2014.
• Littell, RC, Miliken, GA, Stroup, WW, Wolfinger, RD, Schabenberger, O (eds.). SAS for Mixed Models, Second edn. Car, NC: SAS Institute Inc.; 2006.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): October 17, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 9, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): December 9, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 26, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 1, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): May 4, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 2, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 19, 2018
• Last Verified: March 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Taste Test; Spices; Reduced sugar; Food liking
• Other Study ID Numbers: 16-1599

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No