Validity and Reliability of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis

January 26, 2026 updated by: Hafize Hilal KARGIN, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University

Assessment of Exercise Motivation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Validity and Reliability Study of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2)

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a spinal condition that develops during adolescence and often requires long-term conservative treatment, including scoliosis-specific therapeutic exercises. The success of exercise-based treatment largely depends on adolescents' motivation to start and continue exercising. However, exercise motivation has not been adequately evaluated in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis using validated tools specific to this population.

The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) is a widely used questionnaire based on Self-Determination Theory that assesses different types of motivation toward exercise. Although the Turkish version of the BREQ-2 exists, its validity and reliability have not yet been examined in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the BREQ-2 in adolescents diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis. Adolescents aged 10-19 years who have been participating in scoliosis-specific therapeutic exercise programs for at least two months will be invited to complete online questionnaires. The results of this study will help determine whether the BREQ-2 is an appropriate tool for assessing exercise motivation in this population and may support the development of individualized motivational strategies in scoliosis rehabilitation.

Study Overview

Status

Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that emerges during growth and often requires prolonged conservative management. Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE) are recommended in international guidelines and have demonstrated effectiveness in controlling curve progression and improving functional outcomes. However, adherence to exercise programs remains a major challenge, particularly during adolescence, where motivation plays a critical role in sustaining health-related behaviors.

Exercise motivation is commonly conceptualized within the framework of Self-Determination Theory as a continuum ranging from amotivation to intrinsic motivation. The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) is a theory-based, multidimensional instrument designed to assess motivational regulation underlying exercise behavior. While the BREQ-2 has demonstrated strong psychometric properties across different populations, its validity and reliability have not been established in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

This study is designed as a methodological, cross-sectional validation study aiming to evaluate the validity, reliability, and applicability of the Turkish version of the BREQ-2 in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Participants aged 10-19 years who have been receiving scoliosis-specific therapeutic exercise treatment for at least two months will be recruited. Data will be collected using online questionnaires, including the BREQ-2, the motivation subscale of the Questionnaire on Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises (QPSSE), and the Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 (EMI-2).

Internal consistency of the BREQ-2 will be assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Test-retest reliability will be evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a two-week interval between administrations. Criterion-related validity will be examined by analyzing correlations between BREQ-2 scores and scores obtained from the QPSSE motivation subscale and the EMI-2. Statistical analyses will be performed using appropriate correlation methods based on data distribution.

The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence regarding the psychometric adequacy of the BREQ-2 for assessing exercise motivation in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Establishing a valid and reliable motivation assessment tool may contribute to improved evaluation of treatment adherence and support the development of individualized motivational approaches in scoliosis rehabilitation.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

95

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Niğde Province
      • Niğde, Niğde Province, Turkey (Türkiye)
        • Nigde Omer Halisdemir University
        • Contact:
          • Phone Number: 05447121998

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population consists of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years who have been diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and are currently receiving scoliosis-specific exercise-based physiotherapy.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Aged between 10 and 19 years
  • Diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
  • Receiving scoliosis-specific therapeutic exercise treatment for at least 2 months
  • Able to read and write in Turkish
  • Volunteered to participate in the study and provided informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of congenital or neuromuscular scoliosis
  • Presence of systemic disease
  • Presence of syndromic conditions such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Intervention / Treatment
Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis
Adolescents aged 10-19 years diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who have been receiving scoliosis-specific exercise therapy for at least two months and who voluntarily participate in the study.
Other: Questionnaire Assessment
No intervention is administered. Participants complete self-reported questionnaires (BREQ-2, QPSSE motivation subscale, and EMI-2) for the assessment of exercise motivation.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Validity and Reliability of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2)
Time Frame: Baseline assessment; test-retest reliability assessed over a 2-week interval
The primary outcome is the psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion-related validity.
Baseline assessment; test-retest reliability assessed over a 2-week interval

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Nigde Omer Halisdemir University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

January 1, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

September 1, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

December 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

January 13, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 13, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

January 22, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

January 28, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 26, 2026

Last Verified

January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • OHU-HHK-QV-2026-01

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data (IPD) sharing has not yet been determined. Decisions regarding data sharing will be made following completion of the study, in accordance with institutional policies, ethical approval conditions, and data protection regulations.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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