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Sex Differences in Heart Rate Variability Responses to Eight Weeks of Circuit Training

3. října 2026 aktualizováno: Marilyn Li Yin Ong, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Circuit Training and Autonomic Recovery: Sex Differences in Heart Rate Variability Among Inactive Young Adults

The main goal of this study is to find out how an 8-week circuit training exercise program affects heart health and how the body recovers in young adults who do not regularly exercise. The researchers also want to see if these responses are different between men and women.

The body's nervous system controls automatic functions like heart rate. Measuring changes in heart rate patterns-known as heart rate variability (HRV)-helps show how well the body switches between "fight-or-flight" (stress/exercise mode) and "rest-and-digest" (recovery mode). While men and women naturally have different heart rate patterns at rest, less is known about whether they recover differently after a structured exercise program.

The main questions this study aims to answer are:

  1. Does 8 weeks of circuit training improve heart rate recovery and nervous system balance in inactive young adults?
  2. Do men and women show different heart rate responses or recovery patterns after taking part in circuit training?

To answer these questions, inactive university students took part in an 8-week supervised circuit training program. Participants were considered inactive if they did less than 150 minutes of moderate exercise or less than 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week.

Participants completed 20 exercise sessions (2 times per week) led by the study team:

  • Exercise Sessions: Each session started with a 5-minute warm-up, followed by 10 exercise stations using light weights, resistance bands, and bodyweight movements. Exercises targeted both upper and lower body muscles.
  • Workouts and Rest: Participants did each exercise for 30 seconds, rested for 1 minute between stations, and rested for 5 minutes between full sets.
  • Progression: During Weeks 1 to 4, participants did 2 sets per session. During Weeks 5 to 8, they increased to 3 sets per session.

To measure heart rate recovery, participants wore a heart rate chest monitor while resting quietly lying down:

  1. Before starting the 8-week program (Baseline)
  2. At 10 minutes after a workout at Week 8 (Short-term recovery)
  3. At 24 hours after a workout at Week 8 (Full recovery)

The researchers compared the heart rate data between men and women across these time points to see how quickly their nervous systems returned to a resting state after exercise.

Přehled studie

Postavení

Dokončeno

Podmínky

Intervence / Léčba

Detailní popis

This study evaluates the effects of an 8-week supervised circuit training program on heart rate variability (HRV) and autonomic recovery patterns among physically inactive young adults, with a specific focus on sex-related differences.

Participants undergo an 8-week exercise intervention consisting of 20 total sessions scheduled twice per week. The intervention follows a progressive volume design:

  • Weeks 1 to 4: Participants perform 2 complete sets per session (8 sessions total).
  • Weeks 5 to 8: Participants perform 3 complete sets per session (12 sessions total).

Each exercise session begins with a 5-minute dynamic warm-up. The circuit consists of 10 sequential exercise stations targeting major upper-body and lower-body muscle groups using body weight, resistance bands, and dumbbells: 1. Heel raises with dumbbells 2. Lateral raises with resistance bands 3. Leg abductions with resistance bands 4. Shoulder extensions and flexions with resistance bands 5. Jump rope 6. Triceps extensions with dumbbells 7. Half squats with resistance bands 8. Standing chest fly with dumbbells 9. Leg curls with resistance bands 10. Bicep curls with dumbbells

Participants perform each exercise station for 30 seconds, followed by a 1-minute rest interval between stations. A 5-minute rest period is provided between complete circuits. All sessions take place under direct supervision.

Autonomic function is evaluated via continuous beat-to-beat R-R interval recordings using a validated heart rate monitor while participants rest quietly in a supine position in a climate-controlled room (21 °C). Heart rate variability is assessed across three specific time points:

  1. Baseline: Pre-intervention assessment prior to beginning the 8-week training protocol.
  2. Post-10 Minutes: Immediate post-exercise recovery assessment within 10 minutes following the final training session at Week 8.
  3. Post-24 Hours: Delayed recovery assessment 24 hours following the final training session at Week 8.

Extracted frequency-domain HRV parameters include Low Frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz), High Frequency (HF: 0.15-0.40 Hz), and the LF/HF ratio, analyzed in both absolute power values (ms2) and normalized units (n.u.). Comparisons are conducted between male and female participants across time points to analyze sex-specific autonomic adaptations and recovery trajectories following circuit training.

Typ studie

Intervenční

Zápis (Aktuální)

17

Fáze

  • Nelze použít

Kontakty a umístění

Tato část poskytuje kontaktní údaje pro ty, kteří studii provádějí, a informace o tom, kde se tato studie provádí.

Studijní místa

    • Kelantan
      • Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malajsie, 16150
        • Exercise and Sports Science Laboratory, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Kritéria účasti

Výzkumníci hledají lidi, kteří odpovídají určitému popisu, kterému se říká kritéria způsobilosti. Některé příklady těchto kritérií jsou celkový zdravotní stav osoby nebo předchozí léčba.

Kritéria způsobilosti

Věk způsobilý ke studiu

18 let až 25 let (Dospělý)

Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky

Ano

Pohlaví způsobilá ke studiu

Všechno

Popis

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Physically inactive, defined as engaging in less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or less than 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity per week.
  • Enrolled university student.
  • Willing and able to provide informed consent and attend supervised training sessions twice per week for 8 weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Regular engagement in structured exercise or training programs.
  • Current consumption of dietary supplements.
  • Inability or unwillingness to refrain from caffeine, alcohol, and vigorous physical activity for 24 hours prior to heart rate variability (HRV) testing sessions.

Studijní plán

Tato část poskytuje podrobnosti o studijním plánu, včetně toho, jak je studie navržena a co studie měří.

Jak je studie koncipována?

Detaily designu

  • Primární účel: Základní věda
  • Přidělení: Nerandomizované
  • Intervenční model: Paralelní přiřazení
  • Maskování: Žádné (otevřený štítek)

Zbraně a zásahy

Skupina účastníků / Arm
Intervence / Léčba
Experimentální: Male Group

Male participants undergoing an 8-week supervised circuit training intervention (2 sessions per week; 2 sets per session for weeks 1-4, 3 sets per session for weeks 5-8).

Participants complete an 8-week supervised circuit training intervention consisting of 20 total sessions (2 sessions per week). Each session begins with a 5-minute warm-up, followed by 10 exercise stations targeting both upper-body and lower-body muscle groups using body weight, resistance bands, and dumbbells.

The 10 stations include: heel raises with dumbbells, lateral raises with resistance bands, leg abductions with resistance bands, shoulder extensions and flexions with resistance bands, jump rope, triceps extensions with dumbbells, half squats with resistance bands, standing chest fly with dumbbells, leg curls with resistance bands, and bicep curls with dumbbells.

Each exercise station is performed for 30 seconds with a 1-minute rest interval between stations, and a 5-minute rest interval between complete sets. Training volume progresses from 2 sets per session in Weeks 1-4 (8 sessions) to 3 sets per session in Weeks 5-8 (12 sessions)

Ostatní jména:
  • Progressive Circuit Training Protocol
Experimentální: Female Group

Female participants undergoing the identical 8-week supervised circuit training intervention (2 sessions per week; 2 sets per session for weeks 1-4, 3 sets per session for weeks 5-8).

Participants complete an 8-week supervised circuit training intervention consisting of 20 total sessions (2 sessions per week). Each session begins with a 5-minute warm-up, followed by 10 exercise stations targeting both upper-body and lower-body muscle groups using body weight, resistance bands, and dumbbells.

The 10 stations include: heel raises with dumbbells, lateral raises with resistance bands, leg abductions with resistance bands, shoulder extensions and flexions with resistance bands, jump rope, triceps extensions with dumbbells, half squats with resistance bands, standing chest fly with dumbbells, leg curls with resistance bands, and bicep curls with dumbbells.

Each exercise station is performed for 30 seconds with a 1-minute rest interval between stations, and a 5-minute rest interval between complete sets. Training volume progresses from 2 sets per session in Weeks 1-4 (8 sessions) to 3 sets per session in Weeks 5-8 (12 sessions)

Ostatní jména:
  • Progressive Circuit Training Protocol

Co je měření studie?

Primární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Change in Low-Frequency (LF) Power in Normalized Units (LF n.u.)
Časové okno: Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).

Frequency-domain heart rate variability metric reflecting combined sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic modulation (measured in normalized units, n.u.).

Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).
Change in High-Frequency (HF) Power in Normalized Units (HF n.u.)
Časové okno: Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).

Frequency-domain heart rate variability metric reflecting parasympathetic (vagal) autonomic modulation (measured in normalized units, n.u.)

Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).
Change in Low-Frequency to High-Frequency Ratio (LF/HF Ratio)
Časové okno: Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).

Ratio of LF power to HF power, used as an index of sympathovagal balance during recovery.

Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).

Spolupracovníci a vyšetřovatelé

Zde najdete lidi a organizace zapojené do této studie.

Sponzor

Vyšetřovatelé

  • Vrchní vyšetřovatel: Marilyn Li Yin Ong, PhD, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Publikace a užitečné odkazy

Osoba odpovědná za zadávání informací o studiu tyto publikace poskytuje dobrovolně. Mohou se týkat čehokoli, co souvisí se studiem.

Termíny studijních záznamů

Tato data sledují průběh záznamů studie a předkládání souhrnných výsledků na ClinicalTrials.gov. Záznamy ze studií a hlášené výsledky jsou před zveřejněním na veřejné webové stránce přezkoumány Národní lékařskou knihovnou (NLM), aby se ujistily, že splňují specifické standardy kontroly kvality.

Hlavní termíny studia

Začátek studia (Aktuální)

6. března 2025

Primární dokončení (Aktuální)

5. března 2026

Dokončení studie (Aktuální)

5. března 2026

Termíny zápisu do studia

První předloženo

28. září 2026

První předloženo, které splnilo kritéria kontroly kvality

28. září 2026

První zveřejněno (Aktuální)

2. října 2026

Aktualizace studijních záznamů

Poslední zveřejněná aktualizace (Aktuální)

7. října 2026

Odeslaná poslední aktualizace, která splnila kritéria kontroly kvality

3. října 2026

Naposledy ověřeno

1. října 2026

Více informací

Termíny související s touto studií

Další relevantní podmínky MeSH

Další identifikační čísla studie

  • USM/JEPeM/KK/25010089

Plán pro data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)

Plánujete sdílet data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)?

NE

Popis plánu IPD

Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared to maintain participant privacy and confidentiality. All relevant aggregated datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are provided within the results section of the published article.

Informace o lécích a zařízeních, studijní dokumenty

Studuje lékový produkt regulovaný americkým FDA

Ne

Studuje produkt zařízení regulovaný americkým úřadem FDA

Ne

Tyto informace byly beze změn načteny přímo z webu clinicaltrials.gov. Máte-li jakékoli požadavky na změnu, odstranění nebo aktualizaci podrobností studie, kontaktujte prosím register@clinicaltrials.gov. Jakmile bude změna implementována na clinicaltrials.gov, bude automaticky aktualizována i na našem webu .