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Sex Differences in Heart Rate Variability Responses to Eight Weeks of Circuit Training

3 października 2026 zaktualizowane przez: Marilyn Li Yin Ong, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Circuit Training and Autonomic Recovery: Sex Differences in Heart Rate Variability Among Inactive Young Adults

The main goal of this study is to find out how an 8-week circuit training exercise program affects heart health and how the body recovers in young adults who do not regularly exercise. The researchers also want to see if these responses are different between men and women.

The body's nervous system controls automatic functions like heart rate. Measuring changes in heart rate patterns-known as heart rate variability (HRV)-helps show how well the body switches between "fight-or-flight" (stress/exercise mode) and "rest-and-digest" (recovery mode). While men and women naturally have different heart rate patterns at rest, less is known about whether they recover differently after a structured exercise program.

The main questions this study aims to answer are:

  1. Does 8 weeks of circuit training improve heart rate recovery and nervous system balance in inactive young adults?
  2. Do men and women show different heart rate responses or recovery patterns after taking part in circuit training?

To answer these questions, inactive university students took part in an 8-week supervised circuit training program. Participants were considered inactive if they did less than 150 minutes of moderate exercise or less than 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week.

Participants completed 20 exercise sessions (2 times per week) led by the study team:

  • Exercise Sessions: Each session started with a 5-minute warm-up, followed by 10 exercise stations using light weights, resistance bands, and bodyweight movements. Exercises targeted both upper and lower body muscles.
  • Workouts and Rest: Participants did each exercise for 30 seconds, rested for 1 minute between stations, and rested for 5 minutes between full sets.
  • Progression: During Weeks 1 to 4, participants did 2 sets per session. During Weeks 5 to 8, they increased to 3 sets per session.

To measure heart rate recovery, participants wore a heart rate chest monitor while resting quietly lying down:

  1. Before starting the 8-week program (Baseline)
  2. At 10 minutes after a workout at Week 8 (Short-term recovery)
  3. At 24 hours after a workout at Week 8 (Full recovery)

The researchers compared the heart rate data between men and women across these time points to see how quickly their nervous systems returned to a resting state after exercise.

Przegląd badań

Status

Zakończony

Warunki

Interwencja / Leczenie

Szczegółowy opis

This study evaluates the effects of an 8-week supervised circuit training program on heart rate variability (HRV) and autonomic recovery patterns among physically inactive young adults, with a specific focus on sex-related differences.

Participants undergo an 8-week exercise intervention consisting of 20 total sessions scheduled twice per week. The intervention follows a progressive volume design:

  • Weeks 1 to 4: Participants perform 2 complete sets per session (8 sessions total).
  • Weeks 5 to 8: Participants perform 3 complete sets per session (12 sessions total).

Each exercise session begins with a 5-minute dynamic warm-up. The circuit consists of 10 sequential exercise stations targeting major upper-body and lower-body muscle groups using body weight, resistance bands, and dumbbells: 1. Heel raises with dumbbells 2. Lateral raises with resistance bands 3. Leg abductions with resistance bands 4. Shoulder extensions and flexions with resistance bands 5. Jump rope 6. Triceps extensions with dumbbells 7. Half squats with resistance bands 8. Standing chest fly with dumbbells 9. Leg curls with resistance bands 10. Bicep curls with dumbbells

Participants perform each exercise station for 30 seconds, followed by a 1-minute rest interval between stations. A 5-minute rest period is provided between complete circuits. All sessions take place under direct supervision.

Autonomic function is evaluated via continuous beat-to-beat R-R interval recordings using a validated heart rate monitor while participants rest quietly in a supine position in a climate-controlled room (21 °C). Heart rate variability is assessed across three specific time points:

  1. Baseline: Pre-intervention assessment prior to beginning the 8-week training protocol.
  2. Post-10 Minutes: Immediate post-exercise recovery assessment within 10 minutes following the final training session at Week 8.
  3. Post-24 Hours: Delayed recovery assessment 24 hours following the final training session at Week 8.

Extracted frequency-domain HRV parameters include Low Frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz), High Frequency (HF: 0.15-0.40 Hz), and the LF/HF ratio, analyzed in both absolute power values (ms2) and normalized units (n.u.). Comparisons are conducted between male and female participants across time points to analyze sex-specific autonomic adaptations and recovery trajectories following circuit training.

Typ studiów

Interwencyjne

Zapisy (Rzeczywisty)

17

Faza

  • Nie dotyczy

Kontakty i lokalizacje

Ta sekcja zawiera dane kontaktowe osób prowadzących badanie oraz informacje o tym, gdzie badanie jest przeprowadzane.

Lokalizacje studiów

    • Kelantan
      • Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malezja, 16150
        • Exercise and Sports Science Laboratory, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Kryteria uczestnictwa

Badacze szukają osób, które pasują do określonego opisu, zwanego kryteriami kwalifikacyjnymi. Niektóre przykłady tych kryteriów to ogólny stan zdrowia danej osoby lub wcześniejsze leczenie.

Kryteria kwalifikacji

Wiek uprawniający do nauki

18 lat do 25 lat (Dorosły)

Akceptuje zdrowych ochotników

Tak

Płeć kwalifikująca się do nauki

Wszystko

Opis

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Physically inactive, defined as engaging in less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or less than 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity per week.
  • Enrolled university student.
  • Willing and able to provide informed consent and attend supervised training sessions twice per week for 8 weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Regular engagement in structured exercise or training programs.
  • Current consumption of dietary supplements.
  • Inability or unwillingness to refrain from caffeine, alcohol, and vigorous physical activity for 24 hours prior to heart rate variability (HRV) testing sessions.

Plan studiów

Ta sekcja zawiera szczegółowe informacje na temat planu badania, w tym sposób zaprojektowania badania i jego pomiary.

Jak projektuje się badanie?

Szczegóły projektu

  • Główny cel: Podstawowa nauka
  • Przydział: Nielosowe
  • Model interwencyjny: Przydział równoległy
  • Maskowanie: Brak (otwarta etykieta)

Broń i interwencje

Grupa uczestników / Arm
Interwencja / Leczenie
Eksperymentalny: Male Group

Male participants undergoing an 8-week supervised circuit training intervention (2 sessions per week; 2 sets per session for weeks 1-4, 3 sets per session for weeks 5-8).

Participants complete an 8-week supervised circuit training intervention consisting of 20 total sessions (2 sessions per week). Each session begins with a 5-minute warm-up, followed by 10 exercise stations targeting both upper-body and lower-body muscle groups using body weight, resistance bands, and dumbbells.

The 10 stations include: heel raises with dumbbells, lateral raises with resistance bands, leg abductions with resistance bands, shoulder extensions and flexions with resistance bands, jump rope, triceps extensions with dumbbells, half squats with resistance bands, standing chest fly with dumbbells, leg curls with resistance bands, and bicep curls with dumbbells.

Each exercise station is performed for 30 seconds with a 1-minute rest interval between stations, and a 5-minute rest interval between complete sets. Training volume progresses from 2 sets per session in Weeks 1-4 (8 sessions) to 3 sets per session in Weeks 5-8 (12 sessions)

Inne nazwy:
  • Progressive Circuit Training Protocol
Eksperymentalny: Female Group

Female participants undergoing the identical 8-week supervised circuit training intervention (2 sessions per week; 2 sets per session for weeks 1-4, 3 sets per session for weeks 5-8).

Participants complete an 8-week supervised circuit training intervention consisting of 20 total sessions (2 sessions per week). Each session begins with a 5-minute warm-up, followed by 10 exercise stations targeting both upper-body and lower-body muscle groups using body weight, resistance bands, and dumbbells.

The 10 stations include: heel raises with dumbbells, lateral raises with resistance bands, leg abductions with resistance bands, shoulder extensions and flexions with resistance bands, jump rope, triceps extensions with dumbbells, half squats with resistance bands, standing chest fly with dumbbells, leg curls with resistance bands, and bicep curls with dumbbells.

Each exercise station is performed for 30 seconds with a 1-minute rest interval between stations, and a 5-minute rest interval between complete sets. Training volume progresses from 2 sets per session in Weeks 1-4 (8 sessions) to 3 sets per session in Weeks 5-8 (12 sessions)

Inne nazwy:
  • Progressive Circuit Training Protocol

Co mierzy badanie?

Podstawowe miary wyniku

Miara wyniku
Opis środka
Ramy czasowe
Change in Low-Frequency (LF) Power in Normalized Units (LF n.u.)
Ramy czasowe: Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).

Frequency-domain heart rate variability metric reflecting combined sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic modulation (measured in normalized units, n.u.).

Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).
Change in High-Frequency (HF) Power in Normalized Units (HF n.u.)
Ramy czasowe: Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).

Frequency-domain heart rate variability metric reflecting parasympathetic (vagal) autonomic modulation (measured in normalized units, n.u.)

Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).
Change in Low-Frequency to High-Frequency Ratio (LF/HF Ratio)
Ramy czasowe: Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).

Ratio of LF power to HF power, used as an index of sympathovagal balance during recovery.

Measured at Baseline (Week 0), Post-10 minutes (Week 8), and Post-24 hours (Week 8).

Współpracownicy i badacze

Tutaj znajdziesz osoby i organizacje zaangażowane w to badanie.

Sponsor

Śledczy

  • Główny śledczy: Marilyn Li Yin Ong, PhD, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Publikacje i pomocne linki

Osoba odpowiedzialna za wprowadzenie informacji o badaniu dobrowolnie udostępnia te publikacje. Mogą one dotyczyć wszystkiego, co jest związane z badaniem.

Daty zapisu na studia

Daty te śledzą postęp w przesyłaniu rekordów badań i podsumowań wyników do ClinicalTrials.gov. Zapisy badań i zgłoszone wyniki są przeglądane przez National Library of Medicine (NLM), aby upewnić się, że spełniają określone standardy kontroli jakości, zanim zostaną opublikowane na publicznej stronie internetowej.

Główne daty studiów

Rozpoczęcie studiów (Rzeczywisty)

6 marca 2025

Zakończenie podstawowe (Rzeczywisty)

5 marca 2026

Ukończenie studiów (Rzeczywisty)

5 marca 2026

Daty rejestracji na studia

Pierwszy przesłany

28 września 2026

Pierwszy przesłany, który spełnia kryteria kontroli jakości

28 września 2026

Pierwszy wysłany (Rzeczywisty)

2 października 2026

Aktualizacje rekordów badań

Ostatnia wysłana aktualizacja (Rzeczywisty)

7 października 2026

Ostatnia przesłana aktualizacja, która spełniała kryteria kontroli jakości

3 października 2026

Ostatnia weryfikacja

1 października 2026

Więcej informacji

Terminy związane z tym badaniem

Dodatkowe istotne warunki MeSH

Inne numery identyfikacyjne badania

  • USM/JEPeM/KK/25010089

Plan dla danych uczestnika indywidualnego (IPD)

Planujesz udostępniać dane poszczególnych uczestników (IPD)?

NIE

Opis planu IPD

Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared to maintain participant privacy and confidentiality. All relevant aggregated datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are provided within the results section of the published article.

Informacje o lekach i urządzeniach, dokumenty badawcze

Bada produkt leczniczy regulowany przez amerykańską FDA

Nie

Bada produkt urządzenia regulowany przez amerykańską FDA

Nie

Te informacje zostały pobrane bezpośrednio ze strony internetowej clinicaltrials.gov bez żadnych zmian. Jeśli chcesz zmienić, usunąć lub zaktualizować dane swojego badania, skontaktuj się z register@clinicaltrials.gov. Gdy tylko zmiana zostanie wprowadzona na stronie clinicaltrials.gov, zostanie ona automatycznie zaktualizowana również na naszej stronie internetowej .