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Relationship of Peripheral Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Biomarkers With Response to Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD-BIOTMS)

11. september 2026 opdateret af: Beyazit Garip, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital

Relationship Between Response to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Peripheral Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Biomarkers in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a major clinical challenge affecting a substantial proportion of patients with major depressive disorder who do not adequately respond to conventional antidepressant treatments. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, has emerged as an effective treatment option for these patients. However, the biological mechanisms underlying treatment response remain poorly understood.

This single-center, prospective, investigator-initiated clinical study aims to investigate the effects of iTBS on clinical symptoms, executive functions, and peripheral inflammatory and neuroprotective biomarkers in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Fifty patients with treatment-resistant depression and fifty healthy control participants will be enrolled. Patients will receive active iTBS treatment for four weeks (20 sessions), while healthy controls will undergo baseline clinical, cognitive, and biological assessments without receiving any intervention.

Clinical outcomes will be evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Executive functions will be assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test A and B, and verbal fluency tests.

Peripheral blood samples will be collected before and after treatment to measure inflammatory, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotective biomarkers, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), apolipoprotein D (APOD), serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), and serum amyloid A2 (SAA2). Gene expression analyses will also be performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

The study aims to identify biological mechanisms associated with iTBS treatment response and to explore potential biomarkers that may predict clinical improvement in patients with treatment-resistant depression. The findings may contribute to the development of personalized neuromodulation strategies and biomarker-guided treatment approaches for depression.

Studieoversigt

Status

Rekruttering

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder associated with substantial functional impairment, reduced quality of life, increased suicide risk, and significant socioeconomic burden. Despite the availability of pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and neuromodulation-based treatments, a considerable proportion of patients fail to achieve adequate clinical improvement and develop treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Treatment-resistant depression is commonly defined as inadequate response to at least two antidepressant medications administered at adequate doses and durations. Patients with TRD frequently experience chronic symptoms, recurrent episodes, impaired psychosocial functioning, increased healthcare utilization, and poorer long-term outcomes.

Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) has emerged as an effective, non-invasive neuromodulation treatment for TRD. Compared with conventional high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), iTBS offers substantially shorter treatment sessions while maintaining comparable efficacy. However, the biological mechanisms underlying treatment response remain incompletely understood, and reliable biomarkers predicting therapeutic outcomes have not yet been established.

Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation, impaired neuroplasticity, oxidative stress, and altered immune regulation contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and may influence treatment response. Therefore, investigating biological changes associated with iTBS may improve the understanding of therapeutic mechanisms and facilitate the development of personalized treatment strategies.

This single-center, prospective, investigator-initiated clinical study aims to comprehensively evaluate clinical outcomes, executive functions, and peripheral inflammatory and neuroprotective biomarkers in patients with TRD receiving iTBS treatment.

A total of 100 participants will be enrolled, including 50 patients with treatment-resistant depression and 50 healthy controls. Patients will receive active iTBS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using a MagVenture X100 device for 20 sessions administered over four weeks. Healthy controls will not receive any intervention and will participate only in baseline assessments.

Clinical outcomes will be evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Executive functions will be assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B), and verbal fluency tests.

Peripheral blood samples will be collected before and after treatment. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), apolipoprotein D (APOD), serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), and serum amyloid A2 (SAA2) will be measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Gene expression analyses of relevant biomarkers will be performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

The primary outcome will be the change in HAM-D-17 scores from baseline to week 4. Secondary outcomes will include changes in clinical scales, executive function performance, biomarker levels, and gene expression profiles. Associations between biological markers, cognitive performance, and treatment response will also be examined.

The study seeks to identify potential biomarker signatures associated with iTBS response and contribute to the development of biomarker-guided, personalized neuromodulation strategies for treatment-resistant depression.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Anslået)

100

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiekontakt

Studiesteder

      • Ankara, Tyrkiet (Türkiye), 06000
        • Rekruttering
        • Gulhane Training and Research Hospital
        • Kontakt:
    • Ankara
      • Ankara, Ankara, Tyrkiet (Türkiye), 06000
        • Ikke rekrutterer endnu
        • Gulhane Training and Research Hospital
        • Kontakt:

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria

Treatment-Resistant Depression Group:

Age between 18 and 55 years. Male or female participants. Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder according to DSM-5-TR criteria. Inadequate response to at least two antidepressant treatments administered at adequate doses and durations.

Eligible for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Able to complete neuropsychological assessments. Able to attend study visits and complete the treatment protocol.

Healthy Control Group:

Age between 18 and 55 years. Male or female participants. No current DSM-5-TR psychiatric disorder. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Able to complete neuropsychological assessments.

Exclusion Criteria

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, organic mental disorders, or other major psychiatric disorders.

History of epilepsy, brain tumor, severe head trauma, or significant neurological disease.

Any contraindication to TMS. Presence of intracranial metal implants, cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, or other incompatible implanted devices.

Active infection. Autoimmune disease or chronic inflammatory disease. Electroconvulsive therapy, deep brain stimulation, or vagus nerve stimulation within the previous 5 years.

Previous intravenous or intranasal ketamine treatment. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Active alcohol or substance use disorder. Inability to comply with study procedures. Inability to tolerate the iTBS protocol. Withdrawal of informed consent at any stage of the study.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Behandling
  • Tildeling: N/A
  • Interventionel model: Enkelt gruppeopgave
  • Maskning: Ingen (Åben etiket)

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Active iTBS Treatment
Participants with treatment-resistant depression will receive active intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using a MagVenture X100 device. Treatment will be administered at 90% of the resting motor threshold, with 1800 pulses per session, 5 sessions per week, for a total of 20 sessions over 4 weeks. Participants will continue their routine pharmacological treatments throughout the study. Clinical assessments, neuropsychological testing, and peripheral biomarker analyses will be performed before and after treatment.
Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) will be administered over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using a CE-marked MagVenture X100 transcranial magnetic stimulation device. Stimulation intensity will be set at 90% of each participant's resting motor threshold. The protocol will consist of bursts of three pulses delivered at 50 Hz, repeated at a frequency of 5 Hz, with 2-second stimulation trains followed by 8-second intertrain intervals. Participants will receive 1800 pulses per session, five sessions per week, for a total of 20 sessions over four weeks (36,000 pulses in total). Participants will continue their routine pharmacological treatments throughout the study, and no investigational medicinal products will be initiated as part of the research protocol.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) Total Score
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
The primary outcome is the change in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) total score between baseline and week 4 following intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) treatment. Clinical response will be defined as a reduction of 50% or greater from baseline, and remission will be defined as a HAM-D-17 total score of 7 or lower.
Baseline and Week 4

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Change in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Score
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change in depressive symptom severity measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) following iTBS treatment.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Score
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change in insomnia severity following iTBS treatment.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change in executive function performance assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarker Levels
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels following iTBS treatment.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Neuroprotective Biomarker Levels
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change in BDNF, APOD, SAA1, and SAA2 levels following iTBS treatment
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Gene Expression Profiles
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change in gene expression levels of inflammatory and neuroprotective biomarkers measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
Baseline and Week 4

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Publikationer og nyttige links

Den person, der er ansvarlig for at indtaste oplysninger om undersøgelsen, leverer frivilligt disse publikationer. Disse kan handle om alt relateret til undersøgelsen.

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Anslået)

1. september 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Anslået)

1. september 2027

Studieafslutning (Anslået)

1. september 2027

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

23. juni 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

23. juni 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

29. juni 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

14. september 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

11. september 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. september 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • GULHANE-TRD-TMS-BIOMARKER-2026

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

JA

IPD-planbeskrivelse

De-identified individual participant data (IPD) underlying the published results will be made available to qualified researchers upon reasonable request after publication of the primary study results. Data sharing will be subject to institutional approval and applicable ethical and legal regulations to protect participant confidentiality.

IPD-delingstidsramme

Beginning upon publication of the primary study results and ending 5 years after publication.

IPD-delingsadgangskriterier

De-identified individual participant data and selected supporting documents will be available to qualified researchers upon reasonable request. Access will be granted after review and approval by the principal investigator and the sponsoring institution. Data will be shared for scientific research purposes only and will require compliance with applicable ethical, legal, and institutional regulations to protect participant confidentiality.

IPD-deling Understøttende informationstype

  • STUDY_PROTOCOL
  • ICF
  • ANALYTIC_CODE

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