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Relationship of Peripheral Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Biomarkers With Response to Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD-BIOTMS)

11. September 2026 aktualisiert von: Beyazit Garip, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital

Relationship Between Response to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Peripheral Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Biomarkers in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a major clinical challenge affecting a substantial proportion of patients with major depressive disorder who do not adequately respond to conventional antidepressant treatments. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, has emerged as an effective treatment option for these patients. However, the biological mechanisms underlying treatment response remain poorly understood.

This single-center, prospective, investigator-initiated clinical study aims to investigate the effects of iTBS on clinical symptoms, executive functions, and peripheral inflammatory and neuroprotective biomarkers in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Fifty patients with treatment-resistant depression and fifty healthy control participants will be enrolled. Patients will receive active iTBS treatment for four weeks (20 sessions), while healthy controls will undergo baseline clinical, cognitive, and biological assessments without receiving any intervention.

Clinical outcomes will be evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Executive functions will be assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test A and B, and verbal fluency tests.

Peripheral blood samples will be collected before and after treatment to measure inflammatory, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotective biomarkers, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), apolipoprotein D (APOD), serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), and serum amyloid A2 (SAA2). Gene expression analyses will also be performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

The study aims to identify biological mechanisms associated with iTBS treatment response and to explore potential biomarkers that may predict clinical improvement in patients with treatment-resistant depression. The findings may contribute to the development of personalized neuromodulation strategies and biomarker-guided treatment approaches for depression.

Studienübersicht

Status

Rekrutierung

Bedingungen

Intervention / Behandlung

Detaillierte Beschreibung

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder associated with substantial functional impairment, reduced quality of life, increased suicide risk, and significant socioeconomic burden. Despite the availability of pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and neuromodulation-based treatments, a considerable proportion of patients fail to achieve adequate clinical improvement and develop treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Treatment-resistant depression is commonly defined as inadequate response to at least two antidepressant medications administered at adequate doses and durations. Patients with TRD frequently experience chronic symptoms, recurrent episodes, impaired psychosocial functioning, increased healthcare utilization, and poorer long-term outcomes.

Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) has emerged as an effective, non-invasive neuromodulation treatment for TRD. Compared with conventional high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), iTBS offers substantially shorter treatment sessions while maintaining comparable efficacy. However, the biological mechanisms underlying treatment response remain incompletely understood, and reliable biomarkers predicting therapeutic outcomes have not yet been established.

Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation, impaired neuroplasticity, oxidative stress, and altered immune regulation contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and may influence treatment response. Therefore, investigating biological changes associated with iTBS may improve the understanding of therapeutic mechanisms and facilitate the development of personalized treatment strategies.

This single-center, prospective, investigator-initiated clinical study aims to comprehensively evaluate clinical outcomes, executive functions, and peripheral inflammatory and neuroprotective biomarkers in patients with TRD receiving iTBS treatment.

A total of 100 participants will be enrolled, including 50 patients with treatment-resistant depression and 50 healthy controls. Patients will receive active iTBS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using a MagVenture X100 device for 20 sessions administered over four weeks. Healthy controls will not receive any intervention and will participate only in baseline assessments.

Clinical outcomes will be evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Executive functions will be assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B), and verbal fluency tests.

Peripheral blood samples will be collected before and after treatment. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), apolipoprotein D (APOD), serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), and serum amyloid A2 (SAA2) will be measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Gene expression analyses of relevant biomarkers will be performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

The primary outcome will be the change in HAM-D-17 scores from baseline to week 4. Secondary outcomes will include changes in clinical scales, executive function performance, biomarker levels, and gene expression profiles. Associations between biological markers, cognitive performance, and treatment response will also be examined.

The study seeks to identify potential biomarker signatures associated with iTBS response and contribute to the development of biomarker-guided, personalized neuromodulation strategies for treatment-resistant depression.

Studientyp

Interventionell

Einschreibung (Geschätzt)

100

Phase

  • Unzutreffend

Kontakte und Standorte

Dieser Abschnitt enthält die Kontaktdaten derjenigen, die die Studie durchführen, und Informationen darüber, wo diese Studie durchgeführt wird.

Studienkontakt

Studienorte

      • Ankara, Türkei (türkiye), 06000
        • Rekrutierung
        • Gulhane Training and Research Hospital
        • Kontakt:
    • Ankara
      • Ankara, Ankara, Türkei (türkiye), 06000
        • Noch keine Rekrutierung
        • Gulhane Training and Research Hospital
        • Kontakt:

Teilnahmekriterien

Forscher suchen nach Personen, die einer bestimmten Beschreibung entsprechen, die als Auswahlkriterien bezeichnet werden. Einige Beispiele für diese Kriterien sind der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand einer Person oder frühere Behandlungen.

Zulassungskriterien

Studienberechtigtes Alter

  • Erwachsene

Akzeptiert gesunde Freiwillige

Ja

Beschreibung

Inclusion Criteria

Treatment-Resistant Depression Group:

Age between 18 and 55 years. Male or female participants. Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder according to DSM-5-TR criteria. Inadequate response to at least two antidepressant treatments administered at adequate doses and durations.

Eligible for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Able to complete neuropsychological assessments. Able to attend study visits and complete the treatment protocol.

Healthy Control Group:

Age between 18 and 55 years. Male or female participants. No current DSM-5-TR psychiatric disorder. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Able to complete neuropsychological assessments.

Exclusion Criteria

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, organic mental disorders, or other major psychiatric disorders.

History of epilepsy, brain tumor, severe head trauma, or significant neurological disease.

Any contraindication to TMS. Presence of intracranial metal implants, cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, or other incompatible implanted devices.

Active infection. Autoimmune disease or chronic inflammatory disease. Electroconvulsive therapy, deep brain stimulation, or vagus nerve stimulation within the previous 5 years.

Previous intravenous or intranasal ketamine treatment. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Active alcohol or substance use disorder. Inability to comply with study procedures. Inability to tolerate the iTBS protocol. Withdrawal of informed consent at any stage of the study.

Studienplan

Dieser Abschnitt enthält Einzelheiten zum Studienplan, einschließlich des Studiendesigns und der Messung der Studieninhalte.

Wie ist die Studie aufgebaut?

Designdetails

  • Hauptzweck: Behandlung
  • Zuteilung: N / A
  • Interventionsmodell: Einzelgruppenzuweisung
  • Maskierung: Keine (Offenes Etikett)

Waffen und Interventionen

Teilnehmergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandlung
Experimental: Active iTBS Treatment
Participants with treatment-resistant depression will receive active intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using a MagVenture X100 device. Treatment will be administered at 90% of the resting motor threshold, with 1800 pulses per session, 5 sessions per week, for a total of 20 sessions over 4 weeks. Participants will continue their routine pharmacological treatments throughout the study. Clinical assessments, neuropsychological testing, and peripheral biomarker analyses will be performed before and after treatment.
Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) will be administered over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using a CE-marked MagVenture X100 transcranial magnetic stimulation device. Stimulation intensity will be set at 90% of each participant's resting motor threshold. The protocol will consist of bursts of three pulses delivered at 50 Hz, repeated at a frequency of 5 Hz, with 2-second stimulation trains followed by 8-second intertrain intervals. Participants will receive 1800 pulses per session, five sessions per week, for a total of 20 sessions over four weeks (36,000 pulses in total). Participants will continue their routine pharmacological treatments throughout the study, and no investigational medicinal products will be initiated as part of the research protocol.

Was misst die Studie?

Primäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) Total Score
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 4
The primary outcome is the change in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) total score between baseline and week 4 following intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) treatment. Clinical response will be defined as a reduction of 50% or greater from baseline, and remission will be defined as a HAM-D-17 total score of 7 or lower.
Baseline and Week 4

Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
Change in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Score
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 4
Change in depressive symptom severity measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) following iTBS treatment.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Score
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 4
Change in insomnia severity following iTBS treatment.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 4
Change in executive function performance assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarker Levels
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 4
Change in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels following iTBS treatment.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Neuroprotective Biomarker Levels
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 4
Change in BDNF, APOD, SAA1, and SAA2 levels following iTBS treatment
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Gene Expression Profiles
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 4
Change in gene expression levels of inflammatory and neuroprotective biomarkers measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
Baseline and Week 4

Mitarbeiter und Ermittler

Hier finden Sie Personen und Organisationen, die an dieser Studie beteiligt sind.

Sponsor

Publikationen und hilfreiche Links

Die Bereitstellung dieser Publikationen erfolgt freiwillig durch die für die Eingabe von Informationen über die Studie verantwortliche Person. Diese können sich auf alles beziehen, was mit dem Studium zu tun hat.

Studienaufzeichnungsdaten

Diese Daten verfolgen den Fortschritt der Übermittlung von Studienaufzeichnungen und zusammenfassenden Ergebnissen an ClinicalTrials.gov. Studienaufzeichnungen und gemeldete Ergebnisse werden von der National Library of Medicine (NLM) überprüft, um sicherzustellen, dass sie bestimmten Qualitätskontrollstandards entsprechen, bevor sie auf der öffentlichen Website veröffentlicht werden.

Haupttermine studieren

Studienbeginn (Geschätzt)

1. September 2026

Primärer Abschluss (Geschätzt)

1. September 2027

Studienabschluss (Geschätzt)

1. September 2027

Studienanmeldedaten

Zuerst eingereicht

23. Juni 2026

Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat

23. Juni 2026

Zuerst gepostet (Tatsächlich)

29. Juni 2026

Studienaufzeichnungsaktualisierungen

Letztes Update gepostet (Tatsächlich)

14. September 2026

Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt

11. September 2026

Zuletzt verifiziert

1. September 2026

Mehr Informationen

Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie

Andere Studien-ID-Nummern

  • GULHANE-TRD-TMS-BIOMARKER-2026

Plan für individuelle Teilnehmerdaten (IPD)

Planen Sie, individuelle Teilnehmerdaten (IPD) zu teilen?

JA

Beschreibung des IPD-Plans

De-identified individual participant data (IPD) underlying the published results will be made available to qualified researchers upon reasonable request after publication of the primary study results. Data sharing will be subject to institutional approval and applicable ethical and legal regulations to protect participant confidentiality.

IPD-Sharing-Zeitrahmen

Beginning upon publication of the primary study results and ending 5 years after publication.

IPD-Sharing-Zugriffskriterien

De-identified individual participant data and selected supporting documents will be available to qualified researchers upon reasonable request. Access will be granted after review and approval by the principal investigator and the sponsoring institution. Data will be shared for scientific research purposes only and will require compliance with applicable ethical, legal, and institutional regulations to protect participant confidentiality.

Art der unterstützenden IPD-Freigabeinformationen

  • STUDIENPROTOKOLL
  • ICF
  • ANALYTIC_CODE

Arzneimittel- und Geräteinformationen, Studienunterlagen

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Arzneimittelprodukt

Nein

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Geräteprodukt

Nein

Diese Informationen wurden ohne Änderungen direkt von der Website clinicaltrials.gov abgerufen. Wenn Sie Ihre Studiendaten ändern, entfernen oder aktualisieren möchten, wenden Sie sich bitte an register@clinicaltrials.gov. Sobald eine Änderung auf clinicaltrials.gov implementiert wird, wird diese automatisch auch auf unserer Website aktualisiert .