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Evaluation of Solanidine as an Exogenous Biomarker to Phenotype CYP2D6 Activity in Humans (SOLA-1)

11. September 2026 aktualisiert von: Stefan Engeli, MD, University Medicine Greifswald

This study investigates the evaluation of solanidine as an exogenous biomarker to phenotype CYP2D6-activity in humans. Participants will be classified by their CYP2D6 genotype into poor metabolizers (PM), low intermediate metabolizers (LIM), extensive metabolizers (EM) and ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM), forming four distinct study arms:

Arm 1) Poor Metabolizers (PM) n=10 Arm 2) Low Intermediate Metabolizers (LIM) n=5 Arm 3) Extensive Metabolizers (EM) n=10 Arm 4) Ultra-rapid Metabolizers (UM) n=5

Participants will be given a standardized potato-rich meal, serving as the natural source of solanidine, and will be phenotyped for CYP2D6 activity with a single oral microdose of the probe drug yohimbine.

The objectives of the study are as follows:

  1. To evaluate the suitability of the SSDA/solanidine and m414/solanidine metabolic ratio as an exogenous biomarker to phenotype CYP2D6 activity in humans.
  2. To characterize the postprandial plasma concentration profile of solanidine, its CYP2D6-dependent metabolites, and its parent molecules α-solanine and α-chaconine following a potato-rich meal.

Studienübersicht

Status

Noch keine Rekrutierung

Bedingungen

Intervention / Behandlung

Detaillierte Beschreibung

The study follows an open-label, controlled, parallel-cohort design with four study arms based on CYP2D6 genotype. The study consists of two parts: a Yohimbine and a Potato Part.

Yohimbine Part:

Participants will receive a single oral microdose of 50 μg of yohimbine, administered in a fasted state as 2 x 1 tablets of Yohimbinum hydrochloricum D4® (Deutsche Homöopathie Union, Karlsruhe, Germany, containing 25 μg per tablet). A total of 6 blood samples will be collected at defined time points (baseline; 10; 20; 30; 60; 120 min). At each time point, 5 mL of blood will be drawn for plasma separation to determine yohimbine and the primary metabolite 11-OH-yohimbine. The blood sampling protocol is based on the findings of the YOKI-1 study (protocol number: IPHA-2025-011, Greifswald Ethics Committee Registration number BB 069/25). At baseline, an additional blood sample will be collected for a random determination of solanidine and its metabolites. During the 2.5-hour stay in the CRU, participants will be asked to stay in bed.

Potato Part:

Between the Potato and the Yohimbine Part, a period of 4 weeks in any order is acceptable. The Potato Part is divided into two sequential phases: Phase 1 and Phase 2, both featuring supervised meal ingestion at the clincal research unit. During the three days before each Potato Phase and up to 60 hours afterward, no potato products should be eaten. Otherwise, ad libitum food intake is permitted beginning six hours after the potato-rich meal. Blood samples will be analyzed for solanidine, its CYP2D6-dependent metabolites, and its parent molecules α-solanine and α-chaconine in both Potato Phases. Both Potato Phases must be separated by at least one week.

Phase 1 (0-12 hours postprandial):

An initial baseline blood sample will be collected prior to the ingestion of the potato-rich meal. Participants will receive the potato-rich meal at 8 a.m., and a total of 7 blood samples will be collected at defined time points (baseline, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h).Upon successful completion of the 12-hour blood draw, participants will be discharged from the CRU.

Phase 2 (12-60 hours postprandial):

On a separate scheduled study day, participants will report to the CRU at 7:30 p.m. A baseline blood sample will be collected prior to meal ingestion. Participants will then ingest an identical, defined potato-rich meal at 8:00 p.m. Following meal consumption, participants are permitted to go home for the night. The next morning, starting at 7:30 a.m., blood sampling collections will begin at the designated time points. A total of ten blood samples will be collected at defined time points (baseline, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 h, 36 h in the next morning and at 60 h in the morning thereafter).

Studientyp

Interventionell

Einschreibung (Geschätzt)

30

Phase

  • Unzutreffend

Kontakte und Standorte

Dieser Abschnitt enthält die Kontaktdaten derjenigen, die die Studie durchführen, und Informationen darüber, wo diese Studie durchgeführt wird.

Studienkontakt

Studienorte

    • Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
      • Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Deutschland, 17489
        • University Medicine Greifswald
        • Kontakt:
        • Hauptermittler:
          • Stefan Engeli, Prof. Dr.

Teilnahmekriterien

Forscher suchen nach Personen, die einer bestimmten Beschreibung entsprechen, die als Auswahlkriterien bezeichnet werden. Einige Beispiele für diese Kriterien sind der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand einer Person oder frühere Behandlungen.

Zulassungskriterien

Studienberechtigtes Alter

  • Erwachsene

Akzeptiert gesunde Freiwillige

Ja

Beschreibung

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. individuals of both biological sexes, assigned as women or men at birth
  2. age: ≥ 18 and ≤ 40 years
  3. possesses the ability to understand the study purpose and design
  4. contractually capable and provides signed informed consent form
  5. in good general health or with mild and/or well-managed conditions such as allergies, asthma, hypertension or orthopedic diseases
  6. taking no more than three chronic medications
  7. ability to maintain and record a detailed dietary protocol focusing on the consumption of potato-based products for the specified duration of the study
  8. individuals classified as either ultrarapid metabolizers (UM), extensive metabolizers (EM), low intermediate metabolizers (LIM) or poor metabolizers (PM) based on their CYP2D6 genotype:

Poor Metabolizer (PM, Gen-Score 0):

homozygous or compound heterozygous for CYP2D6 *3, CYP2D6 *4, CYP2D6*5, CYP2D6 *6

Low Intermediate Metabolizer (LIM, Gen-Score 0,25 or 0,5):

Homozygous or compound heterozygous for CYP2D6 *9, *10, *41 or compound heterozygous with one allele of CYP2D6 *3, CYP2D6 *4, CYP2D6*5, or CYP2D6*6 and one allele of CYP2D6 *17 (0,5) or CYP2D6 *9, *10, or *41 (0,25)

Extensive Metabolizer (EM, Gene-Score 2):

homozygous or compound heterozygous for CYP2D6 *1, CYP2D6 *2, CYP2D6*35

Ultrarapid Metabolizer (UM, Gen-Score ≥ 3):

homozygous or compound heterozygous for CYP2D6 *1, CYP2D6 *2, CYP2D6*35 with at least one allele duplicated or multiplied

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. BMI > 30 kg/m2 and < 18 kg/m2
  2. body weight < 48 kg
  3. women: known pregnancy or lactation period; positive urine pregnancy test at screening or kinetic visit
  4. men: hemoglobin < 13 g/dl (8,07 mmol/l) women: hemoglobin < 12 g/dl (7,45 mmol/l)
  5. elevated liver function tests (1 or more of ALAT, ASAT, yGT, Bilirubin > 2x ULN)
  6. reduced renal function (eGFRMDRD < 60 mL/min/1,7 m2)
  7. QTcF > 450 ms in screening ECG
  8. current or recent psychiatric disorders requiring treatment including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, psychosis or severe anxiety disorders
  9. drug dependency at the time of visit
  10. use of recreational drugs more than twice a week
  11. intake of drugs interfering with CYP2D6 during the past seven days
  12. any known hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to yohimbine
  13. intake of yohimbine within 48 hours prior to study participation
  14. history of hypersensitivity or allergy to potatoes or nightshade vegetables
  15. intake of potato-containing meals during the three days before and after eating the potato-rich test meal
  16. history of severe hypersensitivity reactions and/or anaphylaxis
  17. poor venous conditions that make it impossible to place a peripheral venous catheter and regularly draw blood through it
  18. engagement in extreme physical activity within 48 hours prior to study participation

Studienplan

Dieser Abschnitt enthält Einzelheiten zum Studienplan, einschließlich des Studiendesigns und der Messung der Studieninhalte.

Wie ist die Studie aufgebaut?

Designdetails

  • Hauptzweck: Grundlegende Wissenschaft
  • Zuteilung: Nicht randomisiert
  • Interventionsmodell: Parallele Zuordnung
  • Maskierung: Keine (Offenes Etikett)

Waffen und Interventionen

Teilnehmergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandlung
Aktiver Komparator: Poor Metabolizers (PM):
Participants in this arm are classified as poor metabolizers (PM, Gene-Score 0) based on their CYP2D6 genotype. Poor metabolizers are homozygous or compound heterozygous for CYP2D6 *3, CYP2D6 *4, CYP2D6 *5, CYP2D6 *6. Participants were selected to achieve best matching between arms according to age, BMI, alcohol consumption and smoking.
A single oral dose of 50 µg yohimbine, administered as 2 x 1 tablets of Yohimbinum hydrochloricum D4® will be administered as drinking solution with 240mL of water under overnight fasting conditions. A total of 6 blood samples will be collected at defined time points (baseline; 10; 20; 30; 60; 120 min). At each time point, 5 mL of blood will be drawn for plasma separation to determine yohimbine and the primary metabolite 11-OH-yohimbine.

Potato Intervention (2 phases):

Diet restriction: No potato products 3 days before and until 60h after each meal. Ad libitum food intake is allowed from 6h post-meal. Blood will be analyzed for solanidine, its metabolites and its parent molecules α-solanine, and α-chaconine.

Phase 1 (0-12h postprandial): Baseline blood draw at 8:00 AM, followed by supervised ingestion of a potato-rich meal. A total of 7 blood samples will be collected (baseline, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12h) before discharge from the CRU.

Phase 2 (12-60h postprandial): Baseline blood draw at 7:30 PM, identical meal ingestion at 8:00 PM. Participants can go home afterwards and return to the CRU the next morning at 8:00 AM for their 12 hour post meal blood draw. A total of 10 blood samples will be collected (baseline, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24h, 36h next morning, 60h subsequent morning).

Andere Namen:
  • potato-rich meal
  • potato
Aktiver Komparator: Low Intermediate Metabolizer (LIM)
Low intermediae metabolizers (LIM, Gene-Score 0,25 or 0,5) are homozygous or compound heterozygous for CYP2D6 *9, *10, *41 or compound heterozygous with one allele of CYP2D6 *3, CYP2D6 *4, CYP2D6*5, or CYP2D6 *6 and one allele of CYP2D6 *17 (0,5) or CYP2D6 *9, *10, or *41 (0,25). Participants were selected to achieve best matching between arms according to age, BMI, alcohol consumption and smoking.
A single oral dose of 50 µg yohimbine, administered as 2 x 1 tablets of Yohimbinum hydrochloricum D4® will be administered as drinking solution with 240mL of water under overnight fasting conditions. A total of 6 blood samples will be collected at defined time points (baseline; 10; 20; 30; 60; 120 min). At each time point, 5 mL of blood will be drawn for plasma separation to determine yohimbine and the primary metabolite 11-OH-yohimbine.

Potato Intervention (2 phases):

Diet restriction: No potato products 3 days before and until 60h after each meal. Ad libitum food intake is allowed from 6h post-meal. Blood will be analyzed for solanidine, its metabolites and its parent molecules α-solanine, and α-chaconine.

Phase 1 (0-12h postprandial): Baseline blood draw at 8:00 AM, followed by supervised ingestion of a potato-rich meal. A total of 7 blood samples will be collected (baseline, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12h) before discharge from the CRU.

Phase 2 (12-60h postprandial): Baseline blood draw at 7:30 PM, identical meal ingestion at 8:00 PM. Participants can go home afterwards and return to the CRU the next morning at 8:00 AM for their 12 hour post meal blood draw. A total of 10 blood samples will be collected (baseline, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24h, 36h next morning, 60h subsequent morning).

Andere Namen:
  • potato-rich meal
  • potato
Aktiver Komparator: Extensive Metabolizer (EM)
Extensive Metabolizer (EM, Gene-Score 2) are homozygous or compound heterozygous for CYP2D6 *1, CYP2D6 *2, CYP2D6*35. Participants were selected to achieve best matching between arms according to age, BMI, alcohol consumption and smoking.
A single oral dose of 50 µg yohimbine, administered as 2 x 1 tablets of Yohimbinum hydrochloricum D4® will be administered as drinking solution with 240mL of water under overnight fasting conditions. A total of 6 blood samples will be collected at defined time points (baseline; 10; 20; 30; 60; 120 min). At each time point, 5 mL of blood will be drawn for plasma separation to determine yohimbine and the primary metabolite 11-OH-yohimbine.

Potato Intervention (2 phases):

Diet restriction: No potato products 3 days before and until 60h after each meal. Ad libitum food intake is allowed from 6h post-meal. Blood will be analyzed for solanidine, its metabolites and its parent molecules α-solanine, and α-chaconine.

Phase 1 (0-12h postprandial): Baseline blood draw at 8:00 AM, followed by supervised ingestion of a potato-rich meal. A total of 7 blood samples will be collected (baseline, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12h) before discharge from the CRU.

Phase 2 (12-60h postprandial): Baseline blood draw at 7:30 PM, identical meal ingestion at 8:00 PM. Participants can go home afterwards and return to the CRU the next morning at 8:00 AM for their 12 hour post meal blood draw. A total of 10 blood samples will be collected (baseline, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24h, 36h next morning, 60h subsequent morning).

Andere Namen:
  • potato-rich meal
  • potato
Aktiver Komparator: Ultrarapid Metabolizer
Ultrarapid Metabolizer (UM, Gen-Score ≥ 3) are homozygous or compound heterozygous for CYP2D6 *1, CYP2D6 *2, CYP2D6*35 with at least one allele duplicated or multiplied. Participants were selected to achieve best matching between arms according to age, BMI, alcohol consumption and smoking.
A single oral dose of 50 µg yohimbine, administered as 2 x 1 tablets of Yohimbinum hydrochloricum D4® will be administered as drinking solution with 240mL of water under overnight fasting conditions. A total of 6 blood samples will be collected at defined time points (baseline; 10; 20; 30; 60; 120 min). At each time point, 5 mL of blood will be drawn for plasma separation to determine yohimbine and the primary metabolite 11-OH-yohimbine.

Potato Intervention (2 phases):

Diet restriction: No potato products 3 days before and until 60h after each meal. Ad libitum food intake is allowed from 6h post-meal. Blood will be analyzed for solanidine, its metabolites and its parent molecules α-solanine, and α-chaconine.

Phase 1 (0-12h postprandial): Baseline blood draw at 8:00 AM, followed by supervised ingestion of a potato-rich meal. A total of 7 blood samples will be collected (baseline, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12h) before discharge from the CRU.

Phase 2 (12-60h postprandial): Baseline blood draw at 7:30 PM, identical meal ingestion at 8:00 PM. Participants can go home afterwards and return to the CRU the next morning at 8:00 AM for their 12 hour post meal blood draw. A total of 10 blood samples will be collected (baseline, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24h, 36h next morning, 60h subsequent morning).

Andere Namen:
  • potato-rich meal
  • potato

Was misst die Studie?

Primäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
Metabolic ratio of SSDA/solanidine
Zeitfenster: From enrollment to 60 hours after eating the potato-rich meal.
This study determines the sensitivity of the metabolic ratio of SSDA/solanidine and the metabolic ratio of m414/solanidine to correctly identify the CYP2D6 metabolizer status. Each MR will be considered separately in order to identify the most suitable one. As we will recruit individuals from the lowest and highest level of CYP2D6 activity, we will test the sensitivity independently for the prediction of the lowest activity level (PM + LIM) and the highest activity level (EM + UM). The "true" CYP2D6 metabolizer status will be determined by the combination of the CYP2D6 genotype and the yohimbine-determined phenotype in recruited individuals. Those individuals with a perfect match of genotype and phenotype are considered the controls to which the solanidine results are then compared as the ratio of phenotype predicted (by solandine MR)/ phenotype determined (by genotyping + yohimbine-phenotyping)
From enrollment to 60 hours after eating the potato-rich meal.

Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
AUC for solanidine, SSDA, m414, α-solanine and α-chaconine
Zeitfenster: 60 hours
Plasma concentrations expressed as area under the curve (AUC) will be determined for solanidine, its CYP2D6-dependent metabolites SSDA and m414, and its parent molecules α-solanine and α-chaconine for each metabolizer status cohort (PM, LIM, EM, UM).
60 hours
Cmax for solanidine, SSDA, m414, α-solanine and α-chaconine
Zeitfenster: 60 hours
The maximum concentration (Cmax) will be determined for solanidine, its CYP2D6-dependent metabolites SSDA and m414, and its parent molecules α-solanine and α-chaconine for each metabolizer status cohort (PM, LIM, EM, UM).
60 hours
Tmax for solanidine, SSDA, m414, α-solanine and α-chaconine
Zeitfenster: 60 hours
Time to maximum concentration (tmax) of solanidine, its CYP2D6-dependent metabolites SSDA and m414, and its parent molecules α-solanine and α-chaconine will be determined for each metabolizer status cohort (PM, LIM, EM, UM).
60 hours

Mitarbeiter und Ermittler

Hier finden Sie Personen und Organisationen, die an dieser Studie beteiligt sind.

Sponsor

Studienaufzeichnungsdaten

Diese Daten verfolgen den Fortschritt der Übermittlung von Studienaufzeichnungen und zusammenfassenden Ergebnissen an ClinicalTrials.gov. Studienaufzeichnungen und gemeldete Ergebnisse werden von der National Library of Medicine (NLM) überprüft, um sicherzustellen, dass sie bestimmten Qualitätskontrollstandards entsprechen, bevor sie auf der öffentlichen Website veröffentlicht werden.

Haupttermine studieren

Studienbeginn (Geschätzt)

21. September 2026

Primärer Abschluss (Geschätzt)

30. September 2027

Studienabschluss (Geschätzt)

31. Dezember 2027

Studienanmeldedaten

Zuerst eingereicht

8. September 2026

Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat

11. September 2026

Zuerst gepostet (Tatsächlich)

14. September 2026

Studienaufzeichnungsaktualisierungen

Letztes Update gepostet (Tatsächlich)

14. September 2026

Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt

11. September 2026

Zuletzt verifiziert

1. September 2026

Mehr Informationen

Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie

Andere Studien-ID-Nummern

  • IPHA-2026-12

Plan für individuelle Teilnehmerdaten (IPD)

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Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Arzneimittelprodukt

Nein

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Geräteprodukt

Nein

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