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Effects of Isometric, Isotonic, and Eccentric VMO Exercises in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (VMO-PFPS)

7. Mai 2026 aktualisiert von: Muharrem Gökhan Beydağı, Firat University

Comparison of the Effects of Isometric, Isotonic, and Eccentric Vastus Medialis Oblique Strengthening Exercises Applied in Terminal Knee Extension Range on Pain, Function, and Muscle Architecture in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common musculoskeletal condition characterized by anterior knee pain, especially during activities such as stair climbing, squatting, running, and prolonged sitting. Weakness or delayed activation of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle is considered an important contributing factor in the development of PFPS.

This study aims to compare the effects of three different types of VMO strengthening exercises (isometric, isotonic, and eccentric) applied within the terminal knee extension range (0-30°) on pain, functional performance, and muscle architecture in individuals with PFPS.

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three exercise groups. All participants will receive a standardized physiotherapy program, including heat therapy, TENS, and therapeutic ultrasound, followed by group-specific VMO strengthening exercises. The intervention will be performed three times per week for 8 weeks.

Outcomes will be assessed before and after the intervention and will include pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), functional performance (WOMAC, 30-second sit-to-stand test, and stair test), and muscle architecture parameters measured by ultrasound imaging.

The results of this study are expected to provide evidence for optimizing rehabilitation strategies in individuals with PFPS.

Studienübersicht

Status

Noch keine Rekrutierung

Bedingungen

Intervention / Behandlung

Detaillierte Beschreibung

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a prevalent condition affecting physically active individuals and is associated with anterior knee pain during functional activities. Alterations in patellofemoral joint biomechanics, particularly related to quadriceps muscle imbalance and insufficient activation of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), are considered key contributing factors.

Although VMO strengthening is widely used in clinical practice, there is limited evidence comparing the effects of different contraction types-specifically isometric, isotonic, and eccentric exercises-applied within the terminal knee extension range (0-30°), where patellofemoral joint stress and stabilization demands are highest.

This study is designed as a three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial to investigate the comparative effects of these exercise modalities on pain, functional outcomes, and muscle architecture. The intervention period will last 8 weeks, with sessions conducted three times per week.

A total of 90 participants aged 18-40 years with clinically diagnosed PFPS will be recruited and randomly allocated into three groups: isometric, isotonic, and eccentric exercise groups. All participants will receive a standardized physiotherapy protocol including superficial heat application, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and therapeutic ultrasound prior to exercise.

Primary outcomes will include pain intensity assessed by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and functional status evaluated using the WOMAC index, 30-second sit-to-stand test, and stair ascent/descent test. Secondary outcomes will include ultrasonographic assessment of muscle architecture, including muscle thickness, fascicle length, pennation angle, and physiological cross-sectional area of the VMO muscle. Additionally, selected hip muscles (adductor group and tensor fascia lata) will be evaluated.

Assessments will be performed at baseline (T0) and after the 8-week intervention (T1) by a blinded assessor. Randomization will be conducted using a computer-generated sequence with allocation concealment.

Statistical analyses will include repeated measures analysis to evaluate within-group and between-group differences, with significance set at p < 0.05.

The findings of this study are expected to contribute to evidence-based rehabilitation by identifying the most effective type of VMO strengthening exercise for improving clinical outcomes and muscle structure in individuals with PFPS.

Studientyp

Interventionell

Einschreibung (Geschätzt)

90

Phase

  • Unzutreffend

Kontakte und Standorte

Dieser Abschnitt enthält die Kontaktdaten derjenigen, die die Studie durchführen, und Informationen darüber, wo diese Studie durchgeführt wird.

Studienkontakt

Studienorte

  • Türkei (türkiye)
    • MErkez
      • Elâzığ, MErkez, Türkei (türkiye), 23200
        • Firat University
        • Kontakt:
        • Hauptermittler:
          • Muhammet Şahin Elbastı, PhD

Teilnahmekriterien

Forscher suchen nach Personen, die einer bestimmten Beschreibung entsprechen, die als Auswahlkriterien bezeichnet werden. Einige Beispiele für diese Kriterien sind der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand einer Person oder frühere Behandlungen.

Zulassungskriterien

Studienberechtigtes Alter

  • Erwachsene

Akzeptiert gesunde Freiwillige

Nein

Beschreibung

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Aged between 18 and 40 years
  • Clinically diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome
  • Presence of anterior knee pain for at least 3 months
  • Pain during activities such as stair climbing, squatting, running, or prolonged sitting
  • Pain intensity of at least 3/10 on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
  • Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of knee trauma or surgery
  • Meniscal injury, ligament injury, or knee instability
  • Advanced osteoarthritis
  • Neurological disorders
  • Rheumatologic diseases
  • Participation in a structured knee rehabilitation program within the last 6 months
  • Pregnancy

Studienplan

Dieser Abschnitt enthält Einzelheiten zum Studienplan, einschließlich des Studiendesigns und der Messung der Studieninhalte.

Wie ist die Studie aufgebaut?

Designdetails

  • Hauptzweck: Behandlung
  • Zuteilung: Zufällig
  • Interventionsmodell: Parallele Zuordnung
  • Maskierung: Single

Waffen und Interventionen

Teilnehmergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandlung
Experimental: Isometric Exercise Group
Participants in this group will receive a standardized physiotherapy program (hot pack, TENS, and therapeutic ultrasound) followed by isometric VMO strengthening exercises performed in the terminal knee extension range (0-30°). Exercises will be performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions, with 10-second contractions, three times per week for 8 weeks.
Sonstiges: Isometric VMO Exercise
Isometric contractions of the vastus medialis oblique muscle will be performed with the knee supported at approximately 15° flexion, emphasizing maximal voluntary contraction without joint movement.
Andere Namen:
  • Experimental: Isometric Exercise Group
Experimental: Isotonic Exercise Group
Participants will receive the same standardized physiotherapy program followed by isotonic (concentric and eccentric) VMO strengthening exercises performed within the 0-30° knee extension range using external resistance. Exercises will be performed 3 sets of 10-15 repetitions, three times per week for 8 weeks.
Sonstiges: Isotonic VMO Exercise
Participants will perform controlled concentric and eccentric contractions using ankle weights through a limited range of motion (0-30° knee extension).
Experimental: Eccentric Exercise Group
Participants will receive the same standardized physiotherapy program followed by eccentric VMO strengthening exercises performed within the 0-30° knee extension range. Exercises will be performed 3 sets of 10-15 repetitions, three times per week for 8 weeks.
Sonstiges: Eccentric VMO Exercise
Participants will perform eccentric contractions against resistance during knee flexion, with assisted concentric return to the starting position.

Was misst die Studie?

Primäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
VMO Muscle Architecture (Ultrasound)
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 8
Muscle thickness, fascicle length, pennation angle, and physiological cross-sectional area of the vastus medialis oblique muscle will be assessed using ultrasound imaging.
Baseline and Week 8

Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
Pain Intensity (Visual Analog Scale, VAS)
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 8
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a 10-cm scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.
Baseline and Week 8
Functional Status (WOMAC Index)
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 8
Functional status will be evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), including pain, stiffness, and physical function subscales. Higher scores indicate worse functional status.
Baseline and Week 8
30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 8
The number of repetitions completed in 30 seconds will be recorded to assess lower extremity functional strength.
Baseline and Week 8
Stair Ascent and Descent Test
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 8
Time required to ascend and descend a standardized 9-step staircase will be recorded in seconds.
Baseline and Week 8
Hip Muscle Architecture (Ultrasound)
Zeitfenster: Baseline and Week 8
Muscle architecture parameters of the hip muscles (adductors and tensor fascia lata) will be evaluated using ultrasound imaging.
Baseline and Week 8

Mitarbeiter und Ermittler

Hier finden Sie Personen und Organisationen, die an dieser Studie beteiligt sind.

Sponsor

Firat University

Studienaufzeichnungsdaten

Diese Daten verfolgen den Fortschritt der Übermittlung von Studienaufzeichnungen und zusammenfassenden Ergebnissen an ClinicalTrials.gov. Studienaufzeichnungen und gemeldete Ergebnisse werden von der National Library of Medicine (NLM) überprüft, um sicherzustellen, dass sie bestimmten Qualitätskontrollstandards entsprechen, bevor sie auf der öffentlichen Website veröffentlicht werden.

Haupttermine studieren

Studienbeginn (Geschätzt)

20. Mai 2026

Primärer Abschluss (Geschätzt)

20. Juni 2026

Studienabschluss (Geschätzt)

1. August 2026

Studienanmeldedaten

Zuerst eingereicht

27. April 2026

Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat

27. April 2026

Zuerst gepostet (Tatsächlich)

1. Mai 2026

Studienaufzeichnungsaktualisierungen

Letztes Update gepostet (Tatsächlich)

12. Mai 2026

Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt

7. Mai 2026

Zuletzt verifiziert

1. Mai 2026

Mehr Informationen

Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie

Schlüsselwörter

Zusätzliche relevante MeSH-Bedingungen

Andere Studien-ID-Nummern

  • FU_MGBeydagi_PFAS_B_2026/05

Plan für individuelle Teilnehmerdaten (IPD)

Planen Sie, individuelle Teilnehmerdaten (IPD) zu teilen?

NEIN

Arzneimittel- und Geräteinformationen, Studienunterlagen

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Arzneimittelprodukt

Nein

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Geräteprodukt

Nein

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