Dexmedetomidine-esketamine and tDCS for Prevention of Neurocognitive Complications After Surgery
Perioperative Use of Dexmedetomidine-esketamine Combination and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Prevention of Neurocognitive Complications in Older Patients After Non-cardiac Surgery: a 2×2 Factorial Trial
Descripción general del estudio
Estado
Estado
Condiciones
Condiciones
Intervención / Tratamiento
Intervención / Tratamiento
Descripción detallada
Alone with aging population, the number of older patients undergoing surgery is also increasing. Neurocognitive complications, mainly delirium and neurocognitive disorders, are common cerebral complications in older patients after surgery and associated with worse outcomes. Risk factors of postoperative neurocognitive complications are multifactorial and include predisposing and precipitating factors. Of these, older age and pre-existing cognitive decline are important predisposing factors; surgical trauma, postoperative pain, and postoperative sleep disturbances are important precipitating factors.
Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects. Perioperative use of dexmedetomidine improves analgesia and sleep quality after surgery, an relieves surgery-related stress response and inflammation. Accumulating evidence showed that perioperative dexmedetomidine decreased early postoperative delirium and delayed neurocognitive recovery in older patients. The effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine is dose-dependent; however, routine dose dexmedetomidine increases bradycardia and hypotension which are potentially harmful to older patients.
Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist and has been used as an anesthetic and analgesic for decades. Esketamine is the S-enantiomer of ketamine and twice as potent as racemic ketamine. Recent studies found that subanesthetic dose of ketamine or esketamine is effective in improving analgesia and sleep quality and relieving depression; it also attenuated surgery-related stress response. However, even subanesthetic ketamine or esketamine increases neuropsychiatric side effects and is not recommended to be used alone for analgesia and sedation.
In clinical practice, the sedative effect of exmedetomidine is used to relieve the neuropsychiatric side effects of ketamine/esketamine, and the sympathomimetic effect of ketamine/esketamine can be used to counteract the sympatholytic effect of dexmedetomidine. Combination of dexmedetomidine and esketamine has been used for premedication in children and postoperative analgesia in adults and showed additive or synergistic effects. The investigators hypothesize that perioperative combined use of low dose dexmedetomidine and esketamine may be more effective in preventing postoperative delirium and delayed neurocognitive recovery in older patients.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique and increasingly used for treatment of various neurological diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders and post-stroke dysphagia. Preliminary studies in the perioperative settings showed that perioperative use of tDCS improved sleep quality and reduced delirium occurrence early after surgery. The investigators hypothesize that perioperative use of tDCS may help reduce early postoperative delayed neurocognitive recovery in older patients.
This 2×2 factorial trial is designed to investigate the effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine-esketamine combination and tDCS on early postoperative neurocognitive recovery and delirium occurrence in older patients.
Tipo de estudio
Tipo de estudio
Inscripción (Estimado)
Inscripción
Fase
Fase
- Fase 4
Contactos y Ubicaciones
Estudio Contacto
Estudio Contacto
- Nombre: Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PHD
- Número de teléfono: 86 10 83572784
- Correo electrónico: wangdongxin@hotmail.com
Copia de seguridad de contactos de estudio
- Nombre: Zhen-Zhen Xu, MD
- Número de teléfono: 86 10 83572460
- Correo electrónico: zjxvzhenzhen@126.com
Ubicaciones de estudio
-
-
Beijing Municipality
-
Beijing, Beijing Municipality, Porcelana, 100034
- Peking University First Hospital
-
Contacto:
- Zhen-Zhen Xu, MD
- Número de teléfono: 86 10 83572460
- Correo electrónico: zjxvzhenzhen@126.com
-
Contacto:
- Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PhD
- Número de teléfono: +86 10 83572784
- Correo electrónico: wangdongxin@hotmail.com
-
-
Fujian
-
Fuzhou, Fujian, Porcelana, 362011
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
-
Contacto:
- Dan-Feng Zhang, MD
- Correo electrónico: mazui1234@163.com
-
-
Guangdong
-
Shenzhen, Guangdong, Porcelana, 518036
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
-
Contacto:
- Tao Luo, MD
- Correo electrónico: 496855048@qq.com
-
-
Shaanxi
-
Xi'an, Shaanxi, Porcelana, 710032
- Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University
-
Contacto:
- Zhi-Hong Lu, MD
- Correo electrónico: deerlu23@163.com
-
-
Zhejiang
-
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Porcelana, 310006
- First Affilited Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
-
Contacto:
- Dian-San Su, MD
- Correo electrónico: diansansu@yahoo.com
-
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Porcelana, 310009
- Second Affilited Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
-
Contacto:
- Min Yan, MD
- Correo electrónico: zryanmin@zju.edu.cn
-
-
Criterios de participación
Criterio de elegibilidad
Criterio de elegibilidad
Edades elegibles para estudiar
- Adulto Mayor
Acepta Voluntarios Saludables
Descripción
Inclusion Criteria:
- Aged 65 to 90 years;
- Preoperative Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score < 27 points, indicating possible cognitive impairment ranging from mild to moderate;
- Scheduled to undergo elective non-cardiac, non-neurosurgical surgery under general anesthesia, with an expected surgical duration > 1 hour;
- Required patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after surgery.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Preoperative inability to communicate due to coma, severe dementia, end-stage disease, or language impairment;
- History of schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, brain trauma/surgery, or myasthenia gravis;
- Presence of metal implants in the intracranial or cervical region (such as cochlear implants, aneurysm clips, deep brain stimulation electrodes), or skin damage or severe skin disease on the head;
- Severe cardiac dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction < 30%), comorbid with sick sinus syndrome, severe bradycardia (heart rate < 50 bpm), or second-degree or higher atrioventricular block, or implantation of a cardiac pacemaker;
- Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism or pheochromocytoma;
- Severe liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C), severe renal dysfunction (requiring dialysis), or ASA classification ≥ IV;
- Allergy to dexmedetomidine or esketamine;
- Participation in other clinical studies within the past 3 months;
- Other conditions that are deemed unsuitable for study participation.
Plan de estudios
¿Cómo está diseñado el estudio?
Detalles de diseño
- Propósito principal: Prevención
- Asignación: Aleatorizado
- Modelo Intervencionista: Asignación factorial
- Enmascaramiento: Cuadruplicar
Número de brazos
Armas e Intervenciones
Grupo de participantes/brazoGrupo de participantes/brazo |
Intervención / TratamientoIntervención / Tratamiento |
|---|---|
|
Experimental: Dex-Esk + active tDCS
Participants will receive dexmedetomidine-esketamine (Dex-Esk) combination and active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
|
Active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) will be administered using a battery-powered stimulator. The anode will be positioned over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, F3) and the cathode over the right supraorbital region (Fp2). The stimulation intensity will be set at 2.0 mA, featuring a 30-second linear ramp-up at the beginning and a 30-second ramp-down at the end of each session. Each participant will receive a total of three 20-minute sessions of active tDCS. The first session will be provided at 40 minutes after extubation in the post-anesthesia care unit. Two other sessions will be provided on postoperative days 1 and 2 (between 10:00 and 12:00 am).
Otros nombres:
Dexmedetomidine-esketamine combination (1 μg/mL dexmedetomidine and 0.5 mg/mL esketamine) will be administered after anesthesia induction, firstly as a loading dose at a rate of [0.4 x body weight (kg)] mL/h for 30 minutes (0.2 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.1 mg/kg esketamine), followed by a maintenance infusion at a rate of [0.1 x body weight (kg)] mL/h (0.1 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine and 0.05 mg/kg/h esketamine) until one hour before the expected end of surgery. Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia will be established with a 100 mL mixture (containing 1.0 μg/mL sufentanil, 1.25 μg/mL dexmedetomidine, and 0.25 mg/mL esketamine in normal saline), programmed to deliver 2-mL boluses with an 8-minute lockout interval and an 1-mL/h background infusion, and provided for 48 hours (at least 24 hours).
Otros nombres:
|
|
Experimental: Dex-Esk + sham tDCS
Participants will receive dexmedetomidine-esketamine (Dex-Esk) combination and sham (placebo) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
|
Sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) will be administered using a battery-powered stimulator. The anode will be positioned over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, F3) and the cathode over the right supraorbital region (Fp2). To ensure blinding, the device will deliver a initial 30-second ramp-up to 2.0 mA followed immediately by a 30-second ramp-down to 0 mA. The device remains "ON" for the remaining 19 minutes with no effective current output, mimicking the peripheral scalp sensation without delivering cortical modulation. Each participant will receive a total of three 20-minute sessions of sham tDCS. The first session will be provided at 40 minutes after extubation in the post-anesthesia care unit. Two other sessions will be provided on postoperative days 1 and 2 (between 10:00 and 12:00 am).
Otros nombres:
Dexmedetomidine-esketamine combination (1 μg/mL dexmedetomidine and 0.5 mg/mL esketamine) will be administered after anesthesia induction, firstly as a loading dose at a rate of [0.4 x body weight (kg)] mL/h for 30 minutes (0.2 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.1 mg/kg esketamine), followed by a maintenance infusion at a rate of [0.1 x body weight (kg)] mL/h (0.1 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine and 0.05 mg/kg/h esketamine) until one hour before the expected end of surgery. Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia will be established with a 100 mL mixture (containing 1.0 μg/mL sufentanil, 1.25 μg/mL dexmedetomidine, and 0.25 mg/mL esketamine in normal saline), programmed to deliver 2-mL boluses with an 8-minute lockout interval and an 1-mL/h background infusion, and provided for 48 hours (at least 24 hours).
Otros nombres:
|
|
Experimental: Placebo + active tDCS
Participants will receive placebo (normal saline) and active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
|
Active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) will be administered using a battery-powered stimulator. The anode will be positioned over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, F3) and the cathode over the right supraorbital region (Fp2). The stimulation intensity will be set at 2.0 mA, featuring a 30-second linear ramp-up at the beginning and a 30-second ramp-down at the end of each session. Each participant will receive a total of three 20-minute sessions of active tDCS. The first session will be provided at 40 minutes after extubation in the post-anesthesia care unit. Two other sessions will be provided on postoperative days 1 and 2 (between 10:00 and 12:00 am).
Otros nombres:
Placebo (normal saline) will be administered after anesthesia induction, firstly as a loading dose at a rate of [0.4 x body weight (kg)] mL/h for 30 minutes, followed by a maintenance infusion at a rate of [0.1 x body weight (kg)] mL/h until one hour before the expected end of surgery. Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia will be established with a 100 mL mixture (containing 1.0 μg/mL sufentanil in normal saline), programmed to deliver 2-mL boluses with an 8-minute lockout interval and an 1-mL/h background infusion, and provided for 48 hours (at least 24 hours).
Otros nombres:
|
|
Comparador de placebos: Placebo + sham tDCS
Participants will receive placebo (normal saline) and sham (placebo) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
|
Sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) will be administered using a battery-powered stimulator. The anode will be positioned over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, F3) and the cathode over the right supraorbital region (Fp2). To ensure blinding, the device will deliver a initial 30-second ramp-up to 2.0 mA followed immediately by a 30-second ramp-down to 0 mA. The device remains "ON" for the remaining 19 minutes with no effective current output, mimicking the peripheral scalp sensation without delivering cortical modulation. Each participant will receive a total of three 20-minute sessions of sham tDCS. The first session will be provided at 40 minutes after extubation in the post-anesthesia care unit. Two other sessions will be provided on postoperative days 1 and 2 (between 10:00 and 12:00 am).
Otros nombres:
Placebo (normal saline) will be administered after anesthesia induction, firstly as a loading dose at a rate of [0.4 x body weight (kg)] mL/h for 30 minutes, followed by a maintenance infusion at a rate of [0.1 x body weight (kg)] mL/h until one hour before the expected end of surgery. Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia will be established with a 100 mL mixture (containing 1.0 μg/mL sufentanil in normal saline), programmed to deliver 2-mL boluses with an 8-minute lockout interval and an 1-mL/h background infusion, and provided for 48 hours (at least 24 hours).
Otros nombres:
|
¿Qué mide el estudio?
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Incidence of delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR)
Periodo de tiempo: At 5 days after surgery or before hospital discharge
|
Cognitive function will be assessed at baseline and at 5 days after surgery (or before hospital discharge) using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function). Delayed neurocognitive decline (dNCR) is defined as: a |Z| value of decline in MoCA score ≥1.96. Z value = [(change from baseline in MoCA score in a surgical patient - mean change from baseline in MoCA score in the non-surgical group)] / (standard deviation of change from baseline in MoCA score in the non-surgical group). |
At 5 days after surgery or before hospital discharge
|
Medidas de resultado secundarias
Medidas de resultado secundarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Incidence of postoperative delirium
Periodo de tiempo: Up to 4 days after surgery
|
Delirium will be assessed twice daily (8-10 am and 6-8 pm) using the 3-Dimensional Confusion Assessment Method (3D-CAM) for patients without intubation or the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) for patients with intubation.
|
Up to 4 days after surgery
|
|
Incidence of postoperative neurocognitive disorders (pNCD)
Periodo de tiempo: At 30 days after surgery
|
Cognitive function will be assessed at baseline and at 30 days after surgery using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function). Postoperative neurocognitive disorders (pNCD) is defined as: a |Z| value of decline in MoCA score ≥1.96. Z value = [(change from baseline in MoCA score in a surgical patient - mean change from baseline in MoCA score in the non-surgical group)] / (standard deviation of change from baseline in MoCA score in the non-surgical group). |
At 30 days after surgery
|
Otras medidas de resultado
Otras medidas de resultado
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Early postoperative pain intensity
Periodo de tiempo: Up to 4 days after surgery
|
Pain intensity will be assessed twice daily (8-10 am and 6-8 pm) both at rest and with movement (coughing or turning over) using an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS; scores range from 0 to 10 where 0=no pain and 10=the worst pain). Pain intensity early after surgery will be summarized as the area under the curve (AUC) using the trapezoidal method. |
Up to 4 days after surgery
|
|
Length of hospital stay (LOS) after surgery
Periodo de tiempo: Up to 30 days after surgery
|
From the day of surgery until the day of hospital discharge.
|
Up to 30 days after surgery
|
|
Incidence of postoperative complications within 30 days
Periodo de tiempo: Up to 30 days after surgery
|
Postoperative complications are defined as new-onset conditions that are deemed harmful and required therapeutic intervention, i.e., grade II or above on the Clavien-Dindo classification.
|
Up to 30 days after surgery
|
|
Subjective sleep quality at 30 days after surgery
Periodo de tiempo: At 30 days after surgery
|
Subjective sleep quality at 30 days will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; scores range from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality).
|
At 30 days after surgery
|
|
Early postoperative subjective sleep quality
Periodo de tiempo: Up to 4 nights after surgery
|
Subjective sleep quality will be assessed once daily (8-10 am) using an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS; scores range from 0 to 10 where 0=the best sleep and 10=the worst sleep. Subjective sleep quality early after surgery will be summarized as the cumulative score of subjective sleep quality during the first 4 postoperative nights. |
Up to 4 nights after surgery
|
Colaboradores e Investigadores
Patrocinador
Patrocinador
Colaboradores
Colaboradores
Investigadores
Investigadores
- Investigador principal: Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PhD, Peking University First Hospital
Publicaciones y enlaces útiles
Publicaciones Generales
- Cohen SP, Bhatia A, Buvanendran A, Schwenk ES, Wasan AD, Hurley RW, Viscusi ER, Narouze S, Davis FN, Ritchie EC, Lubenow TR, Hooten WM. Consensus Guidelines on the Use of Intravenous Ketamine Infusions for Chronic Pain From the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Jul;43(5):521-546. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000808.
- Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):193-213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4.
- Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, Dancey J, Arbuck S, Gwyther S, Mooney M, Rubinstein L, Shankar L, Dodd L, Kaplan R, Lacombe D, Verweij J. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009 Jan;45(2):228-47. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026.
- Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol. 2000 Sep 15;527 Pt 3(Pt 3):633-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x.
- Monk TG, Weldon BC, Garvan CW, Dede DE, van der Aa MT, Heilman KM, Gravenstein JS. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008 Jan;108(1):18-30. doi: 10.1097/01.anes.0000296071.19434.1e.
- Evered L, Silbert B, Knopman DS, Scott DA, DeKosky ST, Rasmussen LS, Oh ES, Crosby G, Berger M, Eckenhoff RG; Nomenclature Consensus Working Group. Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Nov;121(5):1005-1012. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.087. Epub 2018 Jun 15.
- Wong A, Nyenhuis D, Black SE, Law LS, Lo ES, Kwan PW, Au L, Chan AY, Wong LK, Nasreddine Z, Mok V. Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration. Stroke. 2015 Apr;46(4):1059-64. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007253. Epub 2015 Feb 19.
- Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017 Aug;56(8):893-913. doi: 10.1007/s40262-017-0507-7.
- Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969 Autumn;9(3):179-86. No abstract available.
- Schwenk ES, Viscusi ER, Buvanendran A, Hurley RW, Wasan AD, Narouze S, Bhatia A, Davis FN, Hooten WM, Cohen SP. Consensus Guidelines on the Use of Intravenous Ketamine Infusions for Acute Pain Management From the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Jul;43(5):456-466. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000806.
- Wang W, Bian Q, Zhao Y, Li X, Wang W, Du J, Zhang G, Zhou Q, Zhao M. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014 Sep-Oct;36(5):539-44. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.021. Epub 2014 Jun 6.
- Blaudszun G, Lysakowski C, Elia N, Tramer MR. Effect of perioperative systemic alpha2 agonists on postoperative morphine consumption and pain intensity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2012 Jun;116(6):1312-22. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825681cb.
- Creavin ST, Wisniewski S, Noel-Storr AH, Trevelyan CM, Hampton T, Rayment D, Thom VM, Nash KJ, Elhamoui H, Milligan R, Patel AS, Tsivos DV, Wing T, Phillips E, Kellman SM, Shackleton HL, Singleton GF, Neale BE, Watton ME, Cullum S. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jan 13;2016(1):CD011145. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011145.pub2.
- Needham MJ, Webb CE, Bryden DC. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction and dementia: what we need to know and do. Br J Anaesth. 2017 Dec 1;119(suppl_1):i115-i125. doi: 10.1093/bja/aex354.
- Wolff K, Winstock AR. Ketamine : from medicine to misuse. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(3):199-218. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200620030-00003.
- Wang K, Wu M, Xu J, Wu C, Zhang B, Wang G, Ma D. Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative stress, inflammation, and immune function: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Dec;123(6):777-794. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.027. Epub 2019 Oct 24.
- Li B, Li Y, Tian S, Wang H, Wu H, Zhang A, Gao C. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine Administered as an Adjunct to General Anesthesia: A Meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 21;5:12342. doi: 10.1038/srep12342.
- Kong H, Xu LM, Wang DX. Perioperative neurocognitive disorders: A narrative review focusing on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022 Aug;28(8):1147-1167. doi: 10.1111/cns.13873. Epub 2022 Jun 1.
- Mohanty S, Gillio A, Lindroth H, Ortiz D, Holler E, Azar J, Boustani M, Zarzaur B. Major Surgery and Long Term Cognitive Outcomes: The Effect of Postoperative Delirium on Dementia in the Year Following Discharge. J Surg Res. 2022 Feb;270:327-334. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.08.043. Epub 2021 Oct 29.
- Dilmen OK, Meco BC, Evered LA, Radtke FM. Postoperative neurocognitive disorders: A clinical guide. J Clin Anesth. 2024 Feb;92:111320. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.111320. Epub 2023 Nov 8.
- Zhang Y, Cui F, Ma JH, Wang DX. Mini-dose esketamine-dexmedetomidine combination to supplement analgesia for patients after scoliosis correction surgery: a double-blind randomised trial. Br J Anaesth. 2023 Aug;131(2):385-396. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.05.001. Epub 2023 Jun 9.
- Shinall MC Jr, Arya S, Youk A, Varley P, Shah R, Massarweh NN, Shireman PK, Johanning JM, Brown AJ, Christie NA, Crist L, Curtin CM, Drolet BC, Dhupar R, Griffin J, Ibinson JW, Johnson JT, Kinney S, LaGrange C, Langerman A, Loyd GE, Mady LJ, Mott MP, Patri M, Siebler JC, Stimson CJ, Thorell WE, Vincent SA, Hall DE. Association of Preoperative Patient Frailty and Operative Stress With Postoperative Mortality. JAMA Surg. 2020 Jan 1;155(1):e194620. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4620. Epub 2020 Jan 15.
- Park S, Kim J, Ha Y, Kim KN, Yi S, Koo BN. Preoperative mild cognitive impairment as a risk factor of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing spine surgery. Front Aging Neurosci. 2024 Jan 12;16:1292942. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1292942. eCollection 2024.
- Qiu D, Wang XM, Yang JJ, Chen S, Yue CB, Hashimoto K, Yang JJ. Effect of Intraoperative Esketamine Infusion on Postoperative Sleep Disturbance After Gynecological Laparoscopy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Dec 1;5(12):e2244514. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44514.
- Lu X, Tang L, Lan H, Li C, Lin H. A Comparison of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine, Esketamine or a Dexmedetomidine-Esketamine Combination for Induction of Anaesthesia in Children: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jan 27;12:808930. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.808930. eCollection 2021.
- Li C, Tao M, Chen D, Wei Q, Xiong X, Zhao W, Tan W, Yang J, Han Y, Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu H, Cao JL. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Anxiety During Laparoscopic Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Apr 1;7(4):e246589. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.6589.
- Aldecoa C, Bettelli G, Bilotta F, Sanders RD, Aceto P, Audisio R, Cherubini A, Cunningham C, Dabrowski W, Forookhi A, Gitti N, Immonen K, Kehlet H, Koch S, Kotfis K, Latronico N, MacLullich AMJ, Mevorach L, Mueller A, Neuner B, Piva S, Radtke F, Blaser AR, Renzi S, Romagnoli S, Schubert M, Slooter AJC, Tommasino C, Vasiljewa L, Weiss B, Yuerek F, Spies CD. Update of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2024 Feb 1;41(2):81-108. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001876. Epub 2023 Aug 30.
- Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):695-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.
- Cheng C, Wan H, Cong P, Huang X, Wu T, He M, Zhang Q, Xiong L, Tian L. Targeting neuroinflammation as a preventive and therapeutic approach for perioperative neurocognitive disorders. J Neuroinflammation. 2022 Dec 12;19(1):297. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02656-y.
- Martin S, Chandran A, Zografos L, Zlateva G. Evaluation of the impact of fibromyalgia on patients' sleep and the content validity of two sleep scales. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009 Jul 10;7:64. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-7-64.
- Verret M, Le JBP, Lalu MM, Jeffers MS, McIsaac DI, Nicholls SG, Turgeon AF, Ramchandani R, Li H, Hutton B, Zivkovic F, Graham M, Le M, Geist A, Berube M, O'Hearn K, Gilron I, Poulin P, Daudt H, Martel G, McVicar J, Moloo H, Fergusson DA. Effectiveness of dexmedetomidine on patient-centred outcomes in surgical patients: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2024 Sep;133(3):615-627. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.06.007. Epub 2024 Jul 16.
- Junior AB Jr, Bendazzoli PS, Ferreira Melo FW Jr, Porto Franco RM, de Sousa Rocha EM, Matos Lima RD, Brondi EB. Efficacy and Safety of the Ketamine-Dexmedetomidine Combination in Adult Sedation and Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Cureus. 2025 Nov 21;17(11):e97432. doi: 10.7759/cureus.97432. eCollection 2025 Nov.
- Rodrigues NB, McIntyre RS, Lipsitz O, Lee Y, Cha DS, Shekotikhina M, Vinberg M, Gill H, Subramaniapillai M, Kratiuk K, Lin K, Ho R, Mansur RB, Rosenblat JD. A simplified 6-Item clinician administered dissociative symptom scale (CADSS-6) for monitoring dissociative effects of sub-anesthetic ketamine infusions. J Affect Disord. 2021 Mar 1;282:160-164. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.119. Epub 2020 Dec 29.
- Matveychuk D, Thomas RK, Swainson J, Khullar A, MacKay MA, Baker GB, Dursun SM. Ketamine as an antidepressant: overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2020 May 11;10:2045125320916657. doi: 10.1177/2045125320916657. eCollection 2020.
- Mion G, Himmelseher S. Esketamine: Less Drowsiness, More Analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2024 Jul 1;139(1):78-91. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000006851. Epub 2024 Jan 31.
- Yao M, Fang B, Yang J, Chen P, Chen F. Esketamine combined with sufentanil versus sufentanil in patient-controlled intravenous analgesia: a meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Feb 7;15:1247646. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1247646. eCollection 2024.
- Zhu M, Xu S, Ju X, Wang S, Yu X. Effects of the Different Doses of Esketamine on Postoperative Quality of Recovery in Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022 Dec 16;16:4291-4299. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S392784. eCollection 2022.
- Tao M, Yang J, Liu R, Zhang S, Han Y, Li C, Wei Q, Chen D, Fang J, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu H, Cao JL. Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation for improving postoperative quality of recovery in elderly patients undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty: a randomized controlled substudy. Front Neurol. 2024 Jan 24;15:1327558. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1327558. eCollection 2024.
- Zisapel N, Nir T. Determination of the minimal clinically significant difference on a patient visual analog sleep quality scale. J Sleep Res. 2003 Dec;12(4):291-8. doi: 10.1046/j.0962-1105.2003.00365.x.
- Lai Y, Zhao M, Jiang C, Du X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Bai Y, Xu B, Zhang W, Tang R, Sang C, Long D, Dong J, Ma C. Validation of T-MoCA in the Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Jun 22;9:896846. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.896846. eCollection 2022.
- Kunicki ZJ, Ngo LH, Marcantonio ER, Tommet D, Feng Y, Fong TG, Schmitt EM, Travison TG, Jones RN, Inouye SK. Six-Year Cognitive Trajectory in Older Adults Following Major Surgery and Delirium. JAMA Intern Med. 2023 May 1;183(5):442-450. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0144.
- Granger KT, Spies C, Caswell S, Hadzidiakos D, Speidel S, Slooter AJ, Kant I, Piper SK, van Montfort SJ, Barnett JH, Moran PM, Borchers F. Pre-surgical memory impairment is associated with risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in a large geriatric cohort. JAR Life. 2025 Feb 7;14:100002. doi: 10.1016/j.jarlif.2025.100002. eCollection 2025.
- Tao M, Zhang S, Han Y, Li C, Wei Q, Chen D, Zhao Q, Yang J, Liu R, Fang J, Li X, Zhang H, Liu H, Cao JL. Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Stimul. 2023 Jan-Feb;16(1):88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.839. Epub 2023 Jan 20.
- Yang X, Wei YF, Ye CH, Tian WD, Li XY, Hu YJ, Chen LP. Effect of preoperative transcranial direct current stimulation on postoperative delirium in elderly patients following laparoscopic surgery. World J Psychiatry. 2025 Oct 19;15(10):107298. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i10.107298. eCollection 2025 Oct 19.
- Zahed M, El Menawy Z, Elmesalmi M, Elnaggar N, Ahmed F, Azaz RM, Elkilany A, Elhabbak SI, Amer SH, Adel M. Non-pharmacological Perioperative Interventions for the Prevention of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Surgery: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2025 Dec 17;17(12):e99475. doi: 10.7759/cureus.99475. eCollection 2025 Dec.
- Yang J, Tao M, Liu R, Fang J, Li C, Chen D, Wei Q, Xiong X, Zhao W, Tan W, Han Y, Zhang H, Liu H, Zhang S, Cao J. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on postoperative sleep disturbance in older patients undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty: a prospective, double-blind, pilot, randomised controlled trial. Gen Psychiatr. 2024 Mar 27;37(2):e101173. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101173. eCollection 2024.
- Prathum T, Chantanachai T, Vimolratana O, Laksanaphuk C, Apiworajirawit I, Aneksan B, Latthirun K, Yang CT, Klomjai W. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive function in older adults with cognitive impairments: the influence of dosage parameters. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2025 Feb 4;17(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s13195-025-01677-y.
- Gomez-Garcia N, Alvarez-Barrio L, Leiros-Rodriguez R, Soto-Rodriguez A, Andrade-Gomez E, Hernandez-Lucas P. Transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia: a meta-analysis. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2023 Dec 11;20(1):165. doi: 10.1186/s12984-023-01290-w.
- Salehinejad MA, Ghanavati E, Glinski B, Hallajian AH, Azarkolah A. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in major neurodevelopmental disorders: ADHD, autism, and dyslexia. Brain Behav. 2022 Sep;12(9):e2724. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2724. Epub 2022 Aug 8.
- Cocco S, Podda MV, Grassi C. Role of BDNF Signaling in Memory Enhancement Induced by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Front Neurosci. 2018 Jun 26;12:427. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00427. eCollection 2018.
- Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang B. Anti-Inflammatory Pathways Mediating tDCS's Effects on Neuropathic Pain. Biology (Basel). 2025 Jul 20;14(7):892. doi: 10.3390/biology14070892.
- Shin DW, Fan J, Luu E, Khalid W, Xia Y, Khadka N, Bikson M, Fu BM. In Vivo Modulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Ann Biomed Eng. 2020 Apr;48(4):1256-1270. doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02447-7. Epub 2020 Jan 8.
- Tan M, Feng Z, Chen H, Min L, Wen H, Liu H, Hou J. Transcranial direct current stimulation regulates phenotypic transformation of microglia to relieve neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injury. Front Behav Neurosci. 2023 Apr 4;17:1147693. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1147693. eCollection 2023.
- Cavaleiro C, Martins J, Goncalves J, Castelo-Branco M. Memory and Cognition-Related Neuroplasticity Enhancement by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Rodents: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast. 2020 Feb 25;2020:4795267. doi: 10.1155/2020/4795267. eCollection 2020.
- Wen CY, Bao J, Zhou Y, Mu DL, Ding T. Combined Esketamine and Dexmedetomidine Decreases the Risk of Postoperative Delirium in Neurosurgical Pediatrics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025 Sep 30;19:8865-8877. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S550647. eCollection 2025.
- Amer M, Hylander Moller M, Alshahrani M, Shehabi Y, Arabi YM, Alshamsi F, Ingi Sigurethsson M, Rehn M, Chew MS, Kalliomaki ML, Lewis K, Al-Suwaidan FA, Al-Dorzi HM, Al-Fares A, Alsadoon N, Bell CM, Groth CM, Parke R, Mehta S, Wischmeyer PE, Al-Omari A, Olkkola KT, Alhazzani W. Ketamine Analgo-sedation for Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Adults: A Rapid Practice Guideline from the Saudi Critical Care Society and the Scandinavian Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. Anesth Analg. 2025 Aug 1;141(2):309-326. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000007173. Epub 2025 Jul 14.
- Su X, Chen L, Zhao Y, Li C, Liu S, Wang Z, Zhu J, Yuan X, Tian Y, Tian S. Impact of perioperative esketamine on the perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. BMJ Open. 2025 May 21;15(5):e095695. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095695.
- Li Y, Peng Q, Lu J, Hu L, Zhou H. Cognitive Change Associated with Anesthesia and Surgery: An Introduction to POCD for Neuroscientists. J Integr Neurosci. 2025 Jul 23;24(7):36785. doi: 10.31083/JIN36785.
- Zhang S, Bai C, Xu M, Li Y, Han Y, Jin Y, Zhao X. Clinical Benefits and Challenges of Esketamine in Elderly Patients During the Perioperative Period. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025 Sep 13;19:8251-8263. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S536813. eCollection 2025.
- Chen P, Qian K, Zhu K, Xiaoqing L, Dajin L. Esketamine modulates postoperative biochemical markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune dysregulation in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. J Med Biochem. 2025 Aug 21;44(5):1020-1027. doi: 10.5937/jomb0-56862.
- Trimmel H, Helbok R, Staudinger T, Jaksch W, Messerer B, Schochl H, Likar R. S(+)-ketamine : Current trends in emergency and intensive care medicine. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2018 May;130(9-10):356-366. doi: 10.1007/s00508-017-1299-3. Epub 2018 Jan 10.
- Sun P, Liang XQ, Chen NP, Ma JH, Zhang C, Shen YE, Zhu SN, Wang DX. Impact of mini-dose dexmedetomidine supplemented analgesia on sleep structure in patients at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot trial. Front Neurosci. 2024 Oct 2;18:1426729. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1426729. eCollection 2024.
- Ashraf MW, Uusalo P, Scheinin M, Saari TI. Population Modelling of Dexmedetomidine Pharmacokinetics and Haemodynamic Effects After Intravenous and Subcutaneous Administration. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020 Nov;59(11):1467-1482. doi: 10.1007/s40262-020-00900-3.
- Fondeur J, Escudero Mendez L, Srinivasan M, Hamouda RK, Ambedkar B, Arzoun H, Sahib I, Mohammed L. Dexmedetomidine in Prevention of Postoperative Delirium: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022 Jun 3;14(6):e25639. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25639. eCollection 2022 Jun.
- Strada AL, Tevay A, Scoggins M, Gonzalez K. Dexmedetomidine for Postoperative Delirium Prevention in the Older Adult: An Integrative Review. AANA J. 2024 Oct 1;92(5):383-389.
- Wang L, Liang XQ, Sun YX, Hua Z, Wang DX. Effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine on sleep quality in adult patients after noncardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. PLoS One. 2024 Dec 5;19(12):e0314814. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314814. eCollection 2024.
- Lahiri NK, Vuckovic N, Sidhu AS, Li J, Sun Y, Naiken S, Curtis SJ, Bisch E, Bolda R, Nagra PS, Mann G, Gonzales AE, Smith L, Anderson BP, Liu Z, Adams DC, Meng L. Patterns of prevention effectiveness in postoperative neurocognitive disorder and delayed neurocognitive recovery research: a systematic review with meta-regression of randomised trials. Br J Anaesth. 2025 Aug;135(2):340-359. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2025.04.021. Epub 2025 Jun 5.
- Hu Z, Zhang F, Liao Q, Ouyang W. The Glymphatic System: A Potential Pathophysiological Focus for Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder. Explor Res Hypothesis Med. 2021;6(1):24-27. doi: 10.14218/ERHM.2020.00041.
- Travica N, Aslam H, O'Neil A, Lane MM, Berk M, Gamage E, Walder K, Liu ZSJ, Segasby T, Marx W. Brain derived neurotrophic factor in perioperative neurocognitive disorders: Current evidence and future directions. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2022 Sep;193:107656. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107656. Epub 2022 Jul 2.
- Maisat W, Yuki K. The Role of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg. 2026 Feb 1;142(2):312-325. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000007682. Epub 2025 Aug 5.
- Yang T, Velagapudi R, Terrando N. Neuroinflammation after surgery: from mechanisms to therapeutic targets. Nat Immunol. 2020 Nov;21(11):1319-1326. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-00812-1. Epub 2020 Oct 19.
- Chen L, Au E, Saripella A, Kapoor P, Yan E, Wong J, Tang-Wai DF, Gold D, Riazi S, Suen C, He D, Englesakis M, Nagappa M, Chung F. Postoperative outcomes in older surgical patients with preoperative cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2022 Sep;80:110883. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110883. Epub 2022 May 24.
- Weiss Y, Zac L, Refaeli E, Ben-Yishai S, Zegerman A, Cohen B, Matot I. Preoperative Cognitive Impairment and Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Surgical Patients: A Retrospective Large Cohort Study (The CIPOD Study). Ann Surg. 2023 Jul 1;278(1):59-64. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005657. Epub 2022 Aug 1.
- Ren X, Huiqiao L, Wu Y, Zhang T, Chen P, Li L, Zhao G, Wang F. Perioperative neurocognitive disorders: a comprehensive review of terminology, clinical implications, and future research directions. Front Neurol. 2025 Aug 26;16:1526021. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1526021. eCollection 2025.
- Nilsson U, Amirpour A, Lampi M, Guenna Holmgren A, Markovic G, Zecevic E, Nomm M, Drakenberg A, Claesson Lingehall H, Damen T, Martinik A, Saarijarvi M, Bergman L, Eckerblad J; PeriBrainCare. Older Patients' Postoperative Neurocognitive Recovery: A Narrative Review. Clin Interv Aging. 2025 Dec 16;20:2579-2591. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S559531. eCollection 2025.
- Suraarunsumrit P, Srinonprasert V, Kongmalai T, Suratewat S, Chaikledkaew U, Rattanasiri S, McKay G, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. Outcomes associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2024 Jul 2;53(7):afae160. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afae160.
- Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, Houx P, Rasmussen H, Canet J, Rabbitt P, Jolles J, Larsen K, Hanning CD, Langeron O, Johnson T, Lauven PM, Kristensen PA, Biedler A, van Beem H, Fraidakis O, Silverstein JH, Beneken JE, Gravenstein JS. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Lancet. 1998 Mar 21;351(9106):857-61. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)07382-0.
- Alhamdah Y, Li WY, Nagappa M, Yan E, He D, Sarieplla A, Englesakis M, Elias Z, Chan MTV, Wang DX, Chung F. Perioperative approaches to prevent delayed neurocognitive recovery and postoperative neurocognitive disorder in older surgical patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2025 Jan-Mar;41(1):3-14. doi: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_396_23. Epub 2024 Oct 16.
- Fenta E, Teshome D, Kibret S, Hunie M, Tiruneh A, Belete A, Molla A, Dessie B, Geta K. Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in elderly surgical patients 2023. Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 9;15(1):1400. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84554-2.
- Vacas S, Canales C, Deiner SG, Cole DJ. Perioperative Brain Health in the Older Adult: A Patient Safety Imperative. Anesth Analg. 2022 Aug 1;135(2):316-328. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000006090. Epub 2022 May 18.
- Thedim M, Vacas S. Postoperative Delirium and the Older Adult: Untangling the Confusion. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2024 Jul 1;36(3):184-189. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000971. Epub 2024 Apr 29.
- Li YW, Li HJ, Li HJ, Zhao BJ, Guo XY, Feng Y, Zuo MZ, Yu YP, Kong H, Zhao Y, Huang D, Deng CM, Hu XY, Liu PF, Li Y, An HY, Zhang HY, Wang MR, Wu YF, Wang DX, Sessler DI; Peking University Clinical Research Program Study Group. Delirium in Older Patients after Combined Epidural-General Anesthesia or General Anesthesia for Major Surgery: A Randomized Trial. Anesthesiology. 2021 Aug 1;135(2):218-232. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003834.
- Krause BM, Sabia S, Manning HJ, Singh-Manoux A, Sanders RD. Association between major surgical admissions and the cognitive trajectory: 19 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study. BMJ. 2019 Aug 7;366:l4466. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4466.
- Kainz E, Juilfs N, Harler U, Kahl U, Mewes C, Zollner C, Fischer M. The impact of cognitive reserve on delayed neurocognitive recovery after major non-cardiac surgery: an exploratory substudy. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023 Nov 23;15:1267998. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1267998. eCollection 2023.
Fechas de registro del estudio
Fechas importantes del estudio
Inicio del estudio (Estimado)
Inicio del estudio
Finalización primaria (Estimado)
Finalización primaria
Finalización del estudio (Estimado)
Finalización del estudio
Fechas de registro del estudio
Enviado por primera vez
Enviado por primera vez
Primero enviado que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Primero enviado que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Publicado por primera vez (Actual)
Publicado por primera vez
Actualizaciones de registros de estudio
Última actualización publicada (Actual)
Última actualización publicada
Última actualización enviada que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Última actualización enviada que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Última verificación
Última verificación
Más información
Términos relacionados con este estudio
Palabras clave
Términos MeSH relevantes adicionales
Otros números de identificación del estudio
Otros números de identificación del estudio
- 2026-1219
- 82293644 (Otro número de subvención/financiamiento: National Natural Science Foundation of China)
Plan de datos de participantes individuales (IPD)
¿Planea compartir datos de participantes individuales (IPD)?
Información sobre medicamentos y dispositivos, documentos del estudio
Estudia un producto farmacéutico regulado por la FDA de EE. UU.
Estudia un producto de dispositivo regulado por la FDA de EE. UU.
Esta información se obtuvo directamente del sitio web clinicaltrials.gov sin cambios. Si tiene alguna solicitud para cambiar, eliminar o actualizar los detalles de su estudio, comuníquese con register@clinicaltrials.gov. Tan pronto como se implemente un cambio en clinicaltrials.gov, también se actualizará automáticamente en nuestro sitio web. .