Oral Switch in Bloodstream Infections in Immunocompromised Children (Oral_Switch)
Oral Switch Versus Standard Intravenous Antibiotics in Children and Adolescents Who Are Immunocompromised and/or a Central Venous Catheter and Uncomplicated Bloodstream Infections: a Nationwide Randomised Controlled Non-inferiority Trial
This nationwide, multicenter, randomized non-inferiority trial aims to determine whether an switch to oral antibiotic therapy (experimental arm) is non-inferior to standard intravenous antibiotic therapy (control arm) with respect to recurrence in children and adolescents with uncomplicated bloodstream infections, who are immunocompromised or have a central venous catheter.
Descripción general del estudio
Estado
Estado
Condiciones
Condiciones
Intervención / Tratamiento
Intervención / Tratamiento
Descripción detallada
Background:
Bloodstream infections are among the leading causes of hospital admission and prolonged intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy in children and adolescents. Current international guidelines recommend IV-only therapy or prolonged IV treatment before switching to oral antibiotics. However, these recommendations are primarily based on historical convention and low-quality evidence rather than randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Studies in both adults and children with serious infections other than bloodstream infections suggest that shorter IV courses followed by oral step-down therapy may be safe and effective. However, no RCT has specifically investigated an early switch to oral antibiotic therapy in immunocompromised children and/or those with a central venous catheter (CVC). Although these children may be at increased risk of infectious complications, they also experience a substantial proportion of pediatric bloodstream infections and prolonged IV antibiotic courses. Consequently, the potential impact of a safe early oral-switch strategy may be particularly important in this population.
Objective:
The trial objective is to determine whether early IV-to-oral antibiotic switch is non-inferior to continued standard IV therapy with respect to recurrence of bloodstream infection in clinically stable children and adolescents aged 4 weeks to 17 years with immunosuppression and/or have a CVC and have a bloodstream infection.
Study design:
This is an investigator-initiated, nationwide, open-label, parallel-group, randomized (1:1), controlled, non-inferiority trial, with randomization stratified by 1) Bacteria type (Gram positive vs. Gram negative), and 2) planned CVC removal (removal versus retention or no CVC, as determined before randomization).
Patients:
Children and adolescents aged 4 weeks to 17 years with underlying medical condition associated with immunosuppression and/or the presence of a CVC, and have a bloodstream infections will be recruited from all 18 pediatric departments in Denmark.
Procedure:
Eligible children will be randomized 1:1 to an early oral switch strategy or standard IV therapy. The choice of oral and IV antibiotics will not be determined by randomization but will be made by the treating clinician according to the isolated pathogen, antimicrobial susceptibility, and current treatment guidelines. The total antibiotic treatment duration will be the same in both treatment groups, according to Danish guidelines.
Participants will be randomized to the early oral switch arm (experimental arm) or the standard IV arm (control arm).
Participants allocated to the early oral switch arm will receive effective IV antibiotic therapy for at least 3 days and switch to oral therapy as soon as possible after clinical stability, but no later than day 6, to complete a total treatment duration of 10-14 days according to clinical treatment guidelines. Participants allocated to the standard IV arm (control arm) will receive IV antibiotic therapy for the full treatment course.
Sample size calculation:
The study aims to enroll a minimum of 114 participants. The sample size calculation is based on an expected treatment failure risk of 1.5% in both treatment arms, a non-inferiority margin of 10 percentage points, a one-sided alpha level of 2.5%, and the use of an appropriate statistical method that accounts for the expected low number of events. Assuming a dropout rate of up to 5%, enrollment of 114 participants will provide approximately 80% power to demonstrate non-inferiority.
Recruitment is planned for approximately 36 months and may be extended if required and feasible to achieve the target sample size. If 114 participants are enrolled within the initial 36-month recruitment period, enrollment will continue until the end of the 36-month recruitment period or until a maximum of 150 participants have been enrolled, whichever occurs first, to increase statistical power to approximately 90%.
Tipo de estudio
Tipo de estudio
Inscripción (Estimado)
Inscripción
Fase
Fase
- Fase 4
Contactos y Ubicaciones
Estudio Contacto
Estudio Contacto
- Nombre: Ulrikka Nygaard, MD, PhD, DrMedSci
- Número de teléfono: +4540794656
- Correo electrónico: ulrikka.nygaard@regionh.dk
Copia de seguridad de contactos de estudio
- Nombre: Nadja H Vissing, MD PhD
- Número de teléfono: +4521790640
- Correo electrónico: nadja.hawwa.vissing@regionh.dk
Ubicaciones de estudio
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Aalborg, Dinamarca
- Department of Pediatrics, Aalborg University Hospital
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Contacto:
- Jesper Thaarup, MD
- Correo electrónico: jeth@rn.dk
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Aarhus, Dinamarca
- Aarhus University Hospital
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Contacto:
- Mette Holm, MD PhD
- Número de teléfono: +4522952218
- Correo electrónico: mette.holm@skejby.rm.dk
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Copenhagen, Dinamarca, 2100
- Copenhagen University Hospital
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Contacto:
- Ulrikka Nygaard, MD, PhD, DrMedSci
- Número de teléfono: +4540794656
- Correo electrónico: ulrikka.nygaard@regionh.dk
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Contacto:
- Nadja H Vissing, MD PhD
- Número de teléfono: +4521790640
- Correo electrónico: nadja.hawwa.vissing@regionh.dk
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Odense, Dinamarca
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital
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Contacto:
- Ulla Hartling, MD PhD
- Número de teléfono: Ulla.hartling@rsyd.dk
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Criterios de participación
Criterio de elegibilidad
Criterio de elegibilidad
Edades elegibles para estudiar
Acepta Voluntarios Saludables
Géneros elegibles para el estudio
Descripción
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age 4 weeks to 17 years
- Underlying medical condition associated with immunosuppression and/or presence of a central venous catheter
- Positive blood culture with a high-pathogenic bacterium. Eligible pathogens include Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, β-haemolytic streptococci, and Enterococcus spp., for which standard treatment is at least 7 days of intravenous antibiotics.
- Clinical stability, defined as: (a) respiratory and hemodynamically stable, without need for oxygen, IV fluid therapy or inotropic support; and (b) well-appearing with signs of clinical improvement (e.g., improved physical activity), as judged by the investigator
- Afebrile for 24 hours.
- Tolerating oral fluids and diet and considered to have adequate gastrointestinal absorption for age, as judged by the investigator
- Within the randomization window: i) As soon as possible after eligibility is confirmed and ii) within 3-6 days of effective IV antibiotics (72-144 hours) including the duration of the last IV dose.
- Informed consent obtained from a parent or guardian, and from the patient if of appropriate age.
Polymicrobial episodes are allowed
Exclusion Criteria:
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Complicated infections
- Tunnel infection associated with a CVC, unless the CVC is removed
- Suspected CNS infection
- Other focal infections requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy beyond the treatment of bacteremia, e.g., deep-seated abscess or other deep-seated infections, bone or joint infections, and endocarditis
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Blood culture with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria meningitidis, or low-pathogenic possible contaminants of uncertain clinical relevance, including coagulase-negative staphylococci, Micrococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Cutibacterium acnes, and Bacillus spp.
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Clinically significant mucositis (e.g. stomatitis CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) grade ≥3, defined as severe pain interfering with oral intake)
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No suitable oral antibiotic available (e.g., due to antimicrobial resistance or contraindications)
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Within the follow-up period (≤6 weeks) of a previous randomization for another pathogen covered by the antibiotic indicated for the index episode.
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Planned to receive prophylactic antibiotic therapy covering the pathogen after completion of treatment for the index infection
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A decision to discontinue life-prolonging treatment has been made, with a life expectancy of less than 6 weeks, as assessed by the treating physician.
Plan de estudios
¿Cómo está diseñado el estudio?
Detalles de diseño
- Propósito principal: Tratamiento
- Asignación: Aleatorizado
- Modelo Intervencionista: Asignación paralela
- Enmascaramiento: Único
Número de brazos
Armas e Intervenciones
Grupo de participantes/brazoGrupo de participantes/brazo |
Intervención / TratamientoIntervención / Tratamiento |
|---|---|
|
Experimental: Early Oral Switch
Early Oral Switch |
Participants randomized to the experimental arm will switch from IV to oral antibiotic therapy after effective IV antibiotic therapy for at least 3 days, followed by oral therapy as soon as possible after clinical stability, but no later than day 6, and continue oral therapy to complete the recommended total treatment duration. |
|
Comparador activo: Standard Intravenous Therapy
Standard Intravenous Therapy |
Participants randomised to the control arm will receive IV antibiotic therapy throughout the recommended total treatment duration. |
¿Qué mide el estudio?
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Recurrence of blood stream infection
Periodo de tiempo: Within 6 weeks after randomization
|
Number of patients who experience growth of the same bacteria as in the index blood stream infection in a subsequent blood culture during the follow-up period. |
Within 6 weeks after randomization
|
Medidas de resultado secundarias
Medidas de resultado secundarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
IV antibiotic treatment duration
Periodo de tiempo: Within 6 weeks after randomization
|
Duration of IV antibiotic treatment from randomization until completion of IV antibiotic treatment for the index bloodstream infection, measured in hours. |
Within 6 weeks after randomization
|
Otras medidas de resultado
Otras medidas de resultado
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Length of Hospital Stay
Periodo de tiempo: From randomization until discharge for the index bloodstream infection, assessed up to 42 days after randomization
|
Length of Hospital Stay for index infection |
From randomization until discharge for the index bloodstream infection, assessed up to 42 days after randomization
|
|
Escalation of antibiotics
Periodo de tiempo: From randomization until completion of treatment for the index bloodstream infection, assessed up to 42 days after randomization
|
Proportion of participants with at least one escalation of antibiotic treatment for the index bloodstream infection, defined as a switch from oral to intravenous antibiotics or from intravenous antibiotics to a broader-spectrum intravenous regimen. |
From randomization until completion of treatment for the index bloodstream infection, assessed up to 42 days after randomization
|
|
Re-initiation of antibiotics
Periodo de tiempo: From randomization until completion of treatment for the index bloodstream infection, assessed up to 42 days after randomization
|
Re-initiation of antibiotics after completion of antibiotic treatment for the index infection (regardless of the indication) |
From randomization until completion of treatment for the index bloodstream infection, assessed up to 42 days after randomization
|
|
Treatment failure, other than blood stream infection
Periodo de tiempo: Within 6 weeks after randomization
|
Treatment failure, other than blood stream infection, defined as clinically and/or microbiologically confirmed disease progression or relapse, adjudicated by an independent, blinded adjudication committe |
Within 6 weeks after randomization
|
|
Long term treatment failure
Periodo de tiempo: Within 3 months after randomization
|
Long term treatment failure, including blood stream infection, defined as clinically and/or microbiologically confirmed disease progression or relapse, adjudicated by an independent, blinded adjudication committee |
Within 3 months after randomization
|
|
Number of Participants with Safety Outcomes
Periodo de tiempo: Within 6 weeks after randomization
|
Safety outcomes are admission to an intensive care unit and death |
Within 6 weeks after randomization
|
Colaboradores e Investigadores
Patrocinador
Patrocinador
Fechas de registro del estudio
Fechas importantes del estudio
Inicio del estudio (Estimado)
Inicio del estudio
Finalización primaria (Estimado)
Finalización primaria
Finalización del estudio (Estimado)
Finalización del estudio
Fechas de registro del estudio
Enviado por primera vez
Enviado por primera vez
Primero enviado que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Primero enviado que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Publicado por primera vez (Actual)
Publicado por primera vez
Actualizaciones de registros de estudio
Última actualización publicada (Actual)
Última actualización publicada
Última actualización enviada que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Última actualización enviada que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Última verificación
Última verificación
Más información
Términos relacionados con este estudio
Palabras clave
Términos MeSH relevantes adicionales
- Procesos Patológicos
- Infecciones
- Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica
- Inflamación
- Infecciones bacterianas
- Infecciones bacterianas y micosis
- Condiciones Patológicas, Signos y Síntomas
- Bacteriemia
- Septicemia
- Acciones farmacológicas
- Acciones y usos químicos
- Usos terapéuticos
- Agentes antiinfecciosos
Otros números de identificación del estudio
Otros números de identificación del estudio
- H-25090709_IIa
Plan de datos de participantes individuales (IPD)
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Información sobre medicamentos y dispositivos, documentos del estudio
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