- ICH GCP
- Registro de ensayos clínicos de EE. UU.
- Ensayo clínico NCT04107506
The Supporting Early Learning Study (SEAL)
RCT of FIND Video Coaching Intervention for Caregivers Facing Economic Adversity
Descripción general del estudio
Estado
Intervención / Tratamiento
Descripción detallada
The investigators will test the central hypothesis that associations between (a) increases in responsive caregiving (the main FIND target) and (b) subsequent caregiver well-being and child developmental and biobehavioral outcomes (secondary targets), will be partially mediated through (c) changes in caregiver neuroimaging-based and behavioral measures of inhibitory control and parent self-concept. The investigators will also examine moderators of hypothesized intervention effects.
Aim 1: Quantify main effects of FIND on intervention targets (changes in responsive caregiving) and related caregiver and child outcomes.
Hypothesis 1a: Compared with an active control, FIND will significantly increase developmentally supportive, responsive caregiving immediately post-intervention and will endure at the 6-month longitudinal follow-up. These effects will be associated with enduring improvements in self-reported caregiving self-efficacy and stress.
Hypothesis 1b: Compared with an active control, FIND will significantly improve child developmental outcomes on cognitive, socioemotional, expressive language and biobehavioral measures (including child chronic stress assessed via hair cortisol concentrations, HCC and Heart Rate Variability, HRV), as well as measures of caregiver and child well-being. The investigators will also test whether FIND-related increases in responsive caregiving (Hypothesis 1a) are associated (at postintervention and 6-month follow-up) with child outcomes.
Aim 2: Use fMRI to identify process-level neural mechanisms underlying FIND intervention effects (i.e., why FIND works) and variations in these effects (i.e., for whom FIND works). The investigators hypothesize that FIND-related changes in underlying brain and behavioral mechanisms of caregiver inhibitory control and parenting self-concept will partially mediate observed changes in responsive caregiving. The investigators will also determine how between-subjects variation in changes in these brain measures is associated with differential response to sustained intervention impacts on responsive caregiving, which could be key in future work on increasing the impact of FIND for a broader range of recipients and on developing adaptations for low-responding groups.
Aim 3: Determine moderators of intervention impact, including child and caregiver variables and intervention fidelity and dosage. The investigators hypothesize that the relationship between FIND-related changes in caregiver brain activity, caregiving behavior, and caregiver/child outcomes will be moderated by characteristics of the family, including caregiver past/current adversity, family socioeconomic status, and child behavior.
The investigators further hypothesize that intervention effects will be moderated by fidelity and dosage. Work on this aim will subsequently enable the investigators to develop supplemental strategies to support those for whom FIND is less effective.
Assignment to group: Participants will be randomized to one of two conditions (FIND intervention or active control) before their baseline research visit. While multiple caregivers from one family may participate in the FIND intervention or active control condition (which will be documented and included in analyses), the primary caregiver from each eligible family will be the target participant. This participant will be the one randomized to condition, asked to complete the assessments, and, if they are in the FIND condition, the focus of the videos used in the intervention. Similarly, if families have more than one eligible child in the target age range, the investigators will ask caregivers to select one child who will be the focus of the videos and research assessments.
Intervention delivery. For the proposed study, the investigators will train coaches to fidelity to deliver either the FIND intervention or the active control intervention. The investigators have extensive experience and well-established protocols for training and maintaining fidelity during intervention trials, including video-based interventions. To minimize between-group differences in coach demographics, the investigators will match coaches who are delivering each intervention as closely as possible on levels of education and early childhood experience, and will include this information as covariates in our analyses of intervention effects. Although the investigators do not anticipate contamination of the FIND material into the active control, it is noteworthy that such contamination will narrow any differences between the groups, thus providing a more rigorous test of our hypotheses.
FIND intervention. FIND is a brief home-based video coaching intervention. FIND involves feedback provided by the coach to the caregiver using brief film clips derived from video of caregiver-child interaction collected in the home. The coaching focuses specifically and exclusively on showing caregivers instances in which they are engaging in developmentally supportive interactions during coaching sessions. FIND is delivered in 10 weekly home visits, each of which lasts 30-45 minutes. The process begins with an initial visit in which the coach provides an overview, records 10-15 minutes of the caregiver and child engaged in everyday interactions, and then introduces the concept of serve and return. The video is edited to show brief clips in which the caregiver is engaged in the first of five specific and precisely defined caregiver-based components of serve and return. The next week, the FIND coach reviews the edited clips in detail with the caregiver. Sessions continue, alternating between filming and coaching sessions until all five components have been covered sequentially, with each component building on prior ones. The hierarchical nature of the program is intentionally designed so that even partial completion of the program is hypothesized to confer benefits.
FIND editing and coaching processes are fully manualized, including certification protocols, fidelity forms, and rubrics, and designed to be both straightforward and highly replicable. For editing, three short clips are selected from the video gathered in the home. Each clip begins with a brief onscreen text description that is read aloud by the coach, which cues the caregiver to notice the child's initiation (serve) and his/her own supportive response (return). Then the clip plays three times: (1) all the way through; (2) with embedded pauses, which cue the coach to pause and comment on specific elements of the interaction; and (3) all the way through again, giving the caregiver an opportunity to consolidate what he or she has learned. As the clip is playing, the coach narrates the serve and return process. To ensure all families receive the full benefit of FIND, all FIND coaches will participate in the four-phase FIND certification process for coaching and editing, which includes an initial training, fidelity training, application for certification, and certification. The investigators have used this process to train more than 80 certified FIND interventionists to date.
Active control intervention. The active control condition for this study is designed to maximize rigor by controlling for nonspecific effects of FIND (supportive home visiting, child observation, and information about development) to determine the unique impact of the hypothesized "active ingredients" of FIND (i.e., specialized microsocial video coaching on the five caregiver-based components of serve and return). As such, families randomly assigned to the control condition will receive weekly home visits alternating between (a) coaching sessions covering one of five domains of child development (Motor, Cognitive, Language, Play, and Social-Emotional and (b) observation sessions that will include a review of the prior coaching session and an observation and discussion of the caregiver-child interaction. This intervention will consist of 10 home visits each lasting 25-30 minutes. The coach will not engage in any filming or video coaching, but will still be able to discuss caregiving concerns. Materials are adapted from the Partners for a Healthy Baby curriculum developed by Florida State University's Center for Prevention and Early Intervention Policy.
Tipo de estudio
Inscripción (Anticipado)
Fase
- No aplica
Contactos y Ubicaciones
Estudio Contacto
- Nombre: Alexander S Wagnon, B.S.
- Número de teléfono: 503-956-8502
- Correo electrónico: awagnon@stanford.edu
Copia de seguridad de contactos de estudio
- Nombre: Elizabeth Backus, B.A.
- Número de teléfono: 541-870-5120
- Correo electrónico: ebackus@stanford.edu
Ubicaciones de estudio
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Oregon
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Eugene, Oregon, Estados Unidos, 97403
- Reclutamiento
- University of Oregon
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Investigador principal:
- Philip A Fisher, Ph.D.
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Contacto:
- Shannon J Peake, PhD
- Número de teléfono: 541-600-4424
- Correo electrónico: peake@uoregon.edu
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Criterios de participación
Criterio de elegibilidad
Edades elegibles para estudiar
Acepta Voluntarios Saludables
Géneros elegibles para el estudio
Descripción
Inclusion:
- Must be a primary caregiver (18 years or older) with a child between the ages of 12-36 months at study entry
- Must live at or below 130% of the federal poverty line or receive services through foster care, TANF, SSI, or be currently homeless
Exclusion:
- Caregiver does not have custody of their child at least half-time each week
- Caregiver has metal implants, metal fragments, pacemaker, or other electronic medical implant
- Caregiver is claustrophobic
- Caregiver weighs > 550 lbs.
- Caregiver is or thinks they may be pregnant
- Caregiver has history of neurological disorders (e.g. twitching of the face, arms or legs; seizures)
- Caregiver has tattoos above the neck
- Caregiver has history of central nervous system infection (e.g. meningitis) or brain tumor
- Caregiver has muscular or myotonic dystrophy (i.e. a condition characterized by tonic muscle spasms)
- Caregiver has a significant visual impairment that cannot be corrected by glasses or contacts (e.g. strabismus)
- Caregiver has history of concussion or other brain trauma
- Caregiver is currently taking psychoactive medications (e.g. SSRIs)
Plan de estudios
¿Cómo está diseñado el estudio?
Detalles de diseño
- Propósito principal: Prevención
- Asignación: Aleatorizado
- Modelo Intervencionista: Asignación paralela
- Enmascaramiento: Único
Armas e Intervenciones
Grupo de participantes/brazo |
Intervención / Tratamiento |
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Experimental: Filmar interacciones para nutrir el desarrollo (FIND)
FIND es una breve intervención de entrenamiento en video que incluye comentarios proporcionados por el entrenador al cuidador mediante breves clips de película derivados del video de la interacción entre el cuidador y el niño.
El entrenamiento se enfoca en mostrar a los cuidadores instancias en las que participan en interacciones de apoyo al desarrollo durante las sesiones de entrenamiento.
FIND se entrega en 10 sesiones semanales que duran entre 30 y 45 minutos.
El proceso comienza con una sesión inicial en la que el entrenador brinda una descripción general, registra de 10 a 15 minutos de interacción entre el cuidador y el niño y luego presenta el concepto de servicio y devolución.
El video está editado para mostrar clips breves en los que el cuidador participa en el primero de cinco componentes específicos de servicio y devolución basados en el cuidador.
La próxima semana, el entrenador de FIND revisa los clips editados en detalle con el cuidador.
Las sesiones continúan, alternando entre filmación y sesiones de entrenamiento hasta que los cinco componentes se hayan cubierto secuencialmente.
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FIND is a brief home-based video coaching intervention which involves feedback provided by the coach to the caregiver using brief film clips derived from video of caregiver-child interaction collected in the home.
The coaching focuses on showing caregivers instances in which they are engaging in developmentally-supportive interactions during coaching sessions.
FIND is delivered over 10 weekly home visits lasting 30-45 minutes.
The process begins with an initial visit in which the coach provides an overview, records 10-15 minutes of caregiver-child interaction, then introduces the concept of serve and return.
The video is edited to show brief clips in which the caregiver is engaged in the first of five specific caregiver-based components of serve and return.
The next week, the FIND coach reviews the edited clips in detail with the caregiver.
Sessions continue, alternating between filming and coaching sessions until all five components have been covered sequentially.
Otros nombres:
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Comparador activo: El Programa de Niños Pequeños Saludables (HTP)
HTP, la intervención de control activo, consta de sesiones semanales que alternan entre (a) sesiones de entrenamiento que cubren uno de los cinco dominios del desarrollo infantil (motor, cognitivo, lenguaje, juego y socioemocional) y (b) sesiones de observación que incluirán una revisión de la sesión de entrenamiento anterior y una observación y discusión de la interacción cuidador-niño.
Esta intervención constará de 10 sesiones de 25-30 minutos cada una.
El entrenador no participará en ningún entrenamiento de filmación o video, pero podrá discutir las preocupaciones de cuidado.
Los materiales de HTP están adaptados del currículo Socios para un Bebé Saludable desarrollado por el Centro para la Política de Prevención e Intervención Temprana de la Universidad Estatal de Florida.
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HTP, the active control intervention, consists of weekly home visits alternating between (a) coaching sessions covering one of five domains of child development (Motor, Cognitive, Language, Play, and Social-Emotional and (b) observation sessions that will include a review of the prior coaching session and an observation and discussion of the caregiver-child interaction.
This intervention will consist of 10 home visits each lasting 25-30 minutes.
The coach will not engage in any filming or video coaching, but will be able to discuss caregiving concerns.
HTP materials are adapted from the Partners for a Healthy Baby curriculum developed by Florida State University's Center for Prevention and Early Intervention Policy.
Otros nombres:
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¿Qué mide el estudio?
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
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Nivel observado de control inhibitorio a través de la tarea de señal de parada
Periodo de tiempo: Cambio desde el inicio hasta el final (3-4 meses después del inicio)
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El control inhibitorio se evaluará mediante la tarea de señal de detención (SST) durante una resonancia magnética.
La velocidad de la tarea se ajusta en función del rendimiento y se generará una única puntuación de tiempo de respuesta para cada participante.
La medida neural clave es el grado de señal dependiente del nivel de oxigenación de la sangre (BOLD) durante las pruebas de parada en relación con las pruebas de avance (es decir, el contraste "detener > continuar" durante todo el período de prueba).
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Cambio desde el inicio hasta el final (3-4 meses después del inicio)
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Tasa codificada de atención receptiva a través de turnos conversacionales
Periodo de tiempo: Cambio desde el inicio hasta el final (3-4 meses después del inicio) y 6 meses después del final
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Los turnos conversacionales son un esquema de codificación simple diseñado para registrar el tiempo, la cantidad y la duración de las expresiones del cuidador y del niño.
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Cambio desde el inicio hasta el final (3-4 meses después del inicio) y 6 meses después del final
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Incidence of parenting stress via the parent stress index IV
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Incidence of parenting stress via the Parent Stress Index-IV. Items are on a 5-point scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." Higher scores indicated greater parenting stress. The measures includes three subscales and a total score:
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Incidence of parenting stress and child behaviors via the parent daily report
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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A caregiver self-report of the incidence of challenging child behaviors and whether the caregiver perceives the behaviors to be stressful if they are occurring.
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Self-reported level of perceived sense of competency
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Caregiver's perceived sense of competency in parenting via the Parent Sense of Competency scale. Items are on a 4-point scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." Higher scores indicate greater parenting self-competency. The measure includes two subscales and a total score:
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Parent Reward Task (PRT) behavior and associated brain activity
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline)
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Self-reported ratings of stimuli will be used as a behavioral measure of reward (higher = better), and ventral striatum activity will be used as a measure of reward responsivity using a contrast of own child > other child.
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline)
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Concentration of hair cortisol
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Cumulative HPA axis activity measured via hair cortisol concentrations (HCC)
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Self-reported incidence of challenging child behaviors
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Self-report measures of challenging child behaviors, including internalizing and externalizing behaviors, via the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Self-reported level of social-emotional development
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Caregiver report of their child's social emotional problems and competencies. The measure consists of 42 items that are on a 3-point scale (0=not true/rarely, 1=somewhat true/sometimes, 2=very true/always). For certain items a respondent may also respond "N" which means "no opportunity". The measure includes two subscales:
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Observed spoken language via LENA audio recordings
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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LENA is an audio recording device used to record spoken language in the natural environment.
Software automatically analyzes recordings into several different metrics including estimates and percentile scores for adult words spoken to child, conversational turns, child vocalizations, and audio environment.
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Coded rate of responsive caregiving via the simple interactions scale
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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The simple interactions scale is a micro-social rating scale that assesses the quality and quantity of interaction between caregivers and their children. The scale is split into two parts: connection and reciprocity. Connection is a measure of synchrony between the caregiver-child dyad. Reciprocity is a moment-to-moment measure of serve and return interactions. Coding for both connection and reciprocity is on a 1-3 scale (CX [1], CY [2], and CZ [3] for connections; RX [1], RY [2], and RZ [3] for reciprocity) using a flowchart and accompanying glossary of terms. Connections is rated frame by frame, while reciprocity is rated in 15-second chunks. Within Connections and Reciprocity, the X (1), Y (2), and Z (3) codes are summed and expressed as a percentage of the total video. If 20 of the 40 reciprocity time segments were coded CX, then CX = 50%. A higher percentage of Z (3) represents higher levels of connection and reciprocity in the caregiver-child interaction. |
Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Coded rate of responsive caregiving via the serve and return scale
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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The Serve and Return Scale (SRS) is a global coding system used to assess responsive parenting via the FIND 5 Elements. This scale will be used to assess the quality of caregiver responsiveness and the quantity of serve and return interaction in a 10-minute video of free-play between caregivers and their children. Items are on a 3-point scale between low, medium, and high. Higher scores indicate greater rates of responsive caregiving. The measure includes three subscales and a total score:
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Parent Self-Evaluation Task (PSET) behavior and associated brain activity
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline)
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Percentage of developmentally-supportive (DS) and developmentally-unsupportive (DU) traits endorsed under the self instruction will be used as a behavioral measure of parenting self-concept, and medial prefrontral cortex activity (mPFC) will be measured via the Self > Change contract for DS traits
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline)
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Medidas de resultado secundarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
---|---|---|
Demographics
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline
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Demographic information including socioeconomic status, age and sex of caregiver and child, education level, race/ethnicity
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Baseline
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Incidence of early adversity
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline
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Incidence of early adversity measured via the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
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Baseline
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Incidence of poor caregiver mental health
Periodo de tiempo: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Incidence of caregiver mental health via self-report measures of anxiety (Penn State Worry Questionnaire [PSWQ]) and depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression [CES-D]).
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Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint
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Number of intervention sessions completed
Periodo de tiempo: reported at end of intervention, 3-4 months post-baseline
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The number of intervention sessions completed (i.e.
dosage) will be assessed by the number of sessions completed by each participant.
Total score will range from 0-10.
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reported at end of intervention, 3-4 months post-baseline
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Percentage of intervention sessions at fidelity
Periodo de tiempo: reported at end of intervention, 3-4 months post-baseline
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Percentage of the 10 total sessions that are at fidelity using a fidelity rubric.
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reported at end of intervention, 3-4 months post-baseline
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Colaboradores e Investigadores
Patrocinador
Publicaciones y enlaces útiles
Publicaciones Generales
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- Shaw DS, Vondra JI. Infant attachment security and maternal predictors of early behavior problems: a longitudinal study of low-income families. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1995 Jun;23(3):335-57. doi: 10.1007/BF01447561.
- Quevedo K, Waters TE, Scott H, Roisman GI, Shaw DS, Forbes EE. Brain activity and infant attachment history in young men during loss and reward processing. Dev Psychopathol. 2017 May;29(2):465-476. doi: 10.1017/S0954579417000116.
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- Wachs TD, Georgieff M, Cusick S, McEwen BS. Issues in the timing of integrated early interventions: contributions from nutrition, neuroscience, and psychological research. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014 Jan;1308:89-106. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12314. Epub 2013 Dec 19.
- Lowell DI, Carter AS, Godoy L, Paulicin B, Briggs-Gowan MJ. A randomized controlled trial of Child FIRST: a comprehensive home-based intervention translating research into early childhood practice. Child Dev. 2011 Jan-Feb;82(1):193-208. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01550.x.
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- Shaw DS, Dishion TJ, Supplee L, Gardner F, Arnds K. Randomized trial of a family-centered approach to the prevention of early conduct problems: 2-year effects of the family check-up in early childhood. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Feb;74(1):1-9. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.1.
- Shonkoff JP, Fisher PA. Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy. Dev Psychopathol. 2013 Nov;25(4 Pt 2):1635-53. doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000813.
- Patterson G. Coercive Family Process. Eugene, OR: Castalia Publishing Company; 1982.
- Fisher PA, Burraston B, Pears K. The early intervention foster care program: permanent placement outcomes from a randomized trial. Child Maltreat. 2005 Feb;10(1):61-71. doi: 10.1177/1077559504271561.
- Bryck RL, Fisher PA. Training the brain: practical applications of neural plasticity from the intersection of cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, and prevention science. Am Psychol. 2012 Feb-Mar;67(2):87-100. doi: 10.1037/a0024657. Epub 2011 Jul 25.
- Shonkoff JP, Garner AS; Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care; Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics. 2012 Jan;129(1):e232-46. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2663. Epub 2011 Dec 26.
- Shonkoff JP, Bales SN. Science does not speak for itself: translating child development research for the public and its policymakers. Child Dev. 2011 Jan-Feb;82(1):17-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01538.x.
- Fisher PA, Gunnar MR, Dozier M, Bruce J, Pears KC. Effects of therapeutic interventions for foster children on behavioral problems, caregiver attachment, and stress regulatory neural systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1094:215-25. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.023.
- Dozier M, Albus K, Fisher PA, Sepulveda S. Interventions for foster parents: implications for developmental theory. Dev Psychopathol. 2002 Fall;14(4):843-60. doi: 10.1017/s0954579402004091.
- Flannery JE, Beauchamp KG, Fisher PA. The role of social buffering on chronic disruptions in quality of care: evidence from caregiver-based interventions in foster children. Soc Neurosci. 2017 Feb;12(1):86-91. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1170725. Epub 2016 Apr 19.
- Leve LD, Harold GT, Chamberlain P, Landsverk JA, Fisher PA, Vostanis P. Practitioner review: Children in foster care--vulnerabilities and evidence-based interventions that promote resilience processes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;53(12):1197-211. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02594.x. Epub 2012 Aug 6.
- Thomas R, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ. Behavioral outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: a review and meta-analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007 Jun;35(3):475-95. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9104-9. Epub 2007 Feb 27.
- Sanders MR, Kirby JN, Tellegen CL, Day JJ. The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: a systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014 Jun;34(4):337-57. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003. Epub 2014 Apr 26. Erratum In: Clin Psychol Rev. 2014 Dec;34(8):658.
- Suchman NE, DeCoste C, Castiglioni N, McMahon TJ, Rounsaville B, Mayes L. The Mothers and Toddlers Program, an attachment-based parenting intervention for substance using women: post-treatment results from a randomized clinical pilot. Attach Hum Dev. 2010 Sep;12(5):483-504. doi: 10.1080/14616734.2010.501983.
- Suchman NE, DeCoste CL, McMahon TJ, Dalton R, Mayes LC, Borelli J. Mothering From the Inside Out: Results of a second randomized clinical trial testing a mentalization-based intervention for mothers in addiction treatment. Dev Psychopathol. 2017 May;29(2):617-636. doi: 10.1017/S0954579417000220.
- Fukkink RG. Video feedback in widescreen: a meta-analysis of family programs. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008 Jul;28(6):904-16. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.003. Epub 2008 Feb 5.
- O'Hara L, Smith ER, Barlow J, Livingstone N, Herath NI, Wei Y, Spreckelsen TF, Macdonald G. Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 29;11:CD012348. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012348.pub2.
- Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Juffer F. Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychol Bull. 2003 Mar;129(2):195-215. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195.
- Schindler HS, Fisher PA, Shonkoff JP. From Innovation to Impact at Scale: Lessons Learned From a Cluster of Research-Community Partnerships. Child Dev. 2017 Sep;88(5):1435-1446. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12904. Epub 2017 Aug 4.
- Lippard CN, Riley KL, Hughes-Belding K. OBSERVING TODDLERS' INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES IN CLASSROOMS: INITIAL USE OF THE PARENTING INTERACTIONS WITH CHILDREN: CHECKLIST OF OBSERVATIONS LINKED TO OUTCOMES. Infant Ment Health J. 2016 Sep;37(5):549-59. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21584. Epub 2016 Aug 24.
- Abidin RR. Parenting Stress Index-Short Form. Pediatric Psychology Press Charlottesville, VA; 1990.
- Bethell C, Gombojav N, Solloway M, Wissow L. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience and Mindfulness-Based Approaches: Common Denominator Issues for Children with Emotional, Mental, or Behavioral Problems. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2016 Apr;25(2):139-56. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2015.12.001. Epub 2016 Jan 11.
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