Eating Almonds Before a Meal to Control Blood Sugar (NUTS)
Interindividual Variability in the Effect of Premeal Almond Supplementation on Glycemic Control - a Double Crossover Study
The goal of this study is to learn whether eating a small serving of almonds before meals can improve blood sugar control in adults who have early signs of problems with blood sugar regulation. The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does eating almonds before a meal reduce the rise in blood sugar after eating?
- Do some people consistently benefit more than others from eating almonds before meals?
Panoramica dello studio
Stato
Stato
Condizioni
Condizioni
Intervento / Trattamento
Intervento / Trattamento
Descrizione dettagliata
Tipo di studio
Tipo di studio
Iscrizione (Stimato)
Iscrizione
Fase
Fase
- Non applicabile
Contatti e Sedi
Contatto studio
Contatto studio
- Nome: Kaja Falkenhain, PhD
- Numero di telefono: 225-763-2558
- Email: kaja.falkenhain@pbrc.edu
Luoghi di studio
-
-
Louisiana
-
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Stati Uniti, 70808
- Reclutamento
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center
-
Contatto:
- Kaja Falkenhain, PhD
- Numero di telefono: 225-763-2558
- Email: kaja.falkenhain@pbrc.edu
-
-
Criteri di partecipazione
Criteri di ammissibilità
Criteri di ammissibilità
Età idonea allo studio
- Adulto
Accetta volontari sani
Descrizione
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults aged 25-50 years
- Females over 40 years must have had a cycle in the last 6 months
- Body mass index (BMI) at least 18.5 and at most 55.0 kg/m2
- Impaired blood glucose by at least one of the following criteria:
- Fasting blood glucose at least 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) and less than 125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L)
- HbA1c at least 5.7% and less than 6.5%
- Willing and able to comply with study foods
- Willing and able to ingest acetaminophen as part of study procedures
- Able to read, speak, and understand English
Exclusion Criteria:
- Weight change ≥5% in past 6 months, actively trying to lose weight, or unwilling to remain weight stable throughout the study based on self-report
- Recent history within past 12 months of medical provider-diagnosed cardiovascular, renal, or liver disease that required treatment
- Current or past diagnosis of cancer (except skin cancer) in the last 5 years
- Current or past diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
- Recent history within past 12 months of medical provider-diagnosed gastrointestinal or neurological disorders if not managed/stable for at least 3 months (with or without treatment)
- Recent history within past 12 months of medical provider-diagnosed psychiatric disorders including eating disorders or severe depression if not managed/stable for at least 3 months (with or without treatment)
- Food allergies or other reasons preventing consumption of study foods
- Any glucose-lowering medication except biguanides (e.g., Metformin) if stable for at least 3 months or incretins (i.e., GLP-1RA-based) if stable for at least 3 months
- Current smoking or vaping or history of smoking or vaping in the past 6 months
- Binge and/or heavy drinking (i.e., >3 drinks on any given occasion and/or >7 drinks/week)
- Currently pregnant or planning to become pregnant or breastfeed in the next 3 months by self-report
Piano di studio
Come è strutturato lo studio?
Dettagli di progettazione
- Scopo principale: Scienza basilare
- Assegnazione: Randomizzato
- Modello interventistico: Assegnazione incrociata
- Mascheramento: Doppio
Numero di armi
Armi e interventi
Gruppo di partecipanti / ArmGruppo di partecipanti / Arm |
Intervento / TrattamentoIntervento / Trattamento |
|---|---|
|
Sperimentale: Randomization Sequence 1
One of the randomization sequences.
Phase 1: MMTT+, MMTT-, MMTT+, MMTT- | Phase 2: SAD+, SAD-.
In Phase 1, MMTT+ refers to a mixed meal tolerance test with premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
MMTT- refers to a mixed meal tolerance test without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
In Phase 2, SAD+ refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet with thrice daily premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
SAD- refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
|
Premeal almond ingestion (18 g; ~100 kcal) 30 minutes prior to meal
|
|
Sperimentale: Randomization Sequence 2
One of the randomization sequences.
Phase 1: MMTT-, MMTT+, MMTT-, MMTT+ | Phase 2: SAD+, SAD-.
In Phase 1, MMTT+ refers to a mixed meal tolerance test with premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
MMTT- refers to a mixed meal tolerance test without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
In Phase 2, SAD+ refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet with thrice daily premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
SAD- refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
|
Premeal almond ingestion (18 g; ~100 kcal) 30 minutes prior to meal
|
|
Sperimentale: Randomization Sequence 3
One of the randomization sequences.
Phase 1: MMTT+, MMTT-, MMTT-, MMTT+ | Phase 2: SAD+, SAD-.
In Phase 1, MMTT+ refers to a mixed meal tolerance test with premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
MMTT- refers to a mixed meal tolerance test without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
In Phase 2, SAD+ refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet with thrice daily premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
SAD- refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
|
Premeal almond ingestion (18 g; ~100 kcal) 30 minutes prior to meal
|
|
Sperimentale: Randomization Sequence 4
One of the randomization sequences.
Phase 1: MMTT-, MMTT+, MMTT+, MMTT- | Phase 2: SAD+, SAD-.
In Phase 1, MMTT+ refers to a mixed meal tolerance test with premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
MMTT- refers to a mixed meal tolerance test without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
In Phase 2, SAD+ refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet with thrice daily premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
SAD- refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
|
Premeal almond ingestion (18 g; ~100 kcal) 30 minutes prior to meal
|
|
Sperimentale: Randomization Sequence 5
One of the randomization sequences.
Phase 1: MMTT+, MMTT-, MMTT+, MMTT- | Phase 2: SAD-, SAD+.
In Phase 1, MMTT+ refers to a mixed meal tolerance test with premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
MMTT- refers to a mixed meal tolerance test without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
In Phase 2, SAD+ refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet with thrice daily premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
SAD- refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
|
Premeal almond ingestion (18 g; ~100 kcal) 30 minutes prior to meal
|
|
Sperimentale: Randomization Sequence 6
One of the randomization sequences.
Phase 1: MMTT-, MMTT+, MMTT-, MMTT+ | Phase 2: SAD-, SAD+.
In Phase 1, MMTT+ refers to a mixed meal tolerance test with premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
MMTT- refers to a mixed meal tolerance test without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
In Phase 2, SAD+ refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet with thrice daily premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
SAD- refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
|
Premeal almond ingestion (18 g; ~100 kcal) 30 minutes prior to meal
|
|
Sperimentale: Randomization Sequence 7
One of the randomization sequences.
Phase 1: MMTT+, MMTT-, MMTT-, MMTT+ | Phase 2: SAD-, SAD+.
In Phase 1, MMTT+ refers to a mixed meal tolerance test with premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
MMTT- refers to a mixed meal tolerance test without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
In Phase 2, SAD+ refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet with thrice daily premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
SAD- refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
|
Premeal almond ingestion (18 g; ~100 kcal) 30 minutes prior to meal
|
|
Sperimentale: Randomization Sequence 8
One of the randomization sequences.
Phase 1: MMTT-, MMTT+, MMTT+, MMTT-, | Phase 2: SAD-, SAD+.
In Phase 1, MMTT+ refers to a mixed meal tolerance test with premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
MMTT- refers to a mixed meal tolerance test without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
In Phase 2, SAD+ refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet with thrice daily premeal almond ingestion (active condition).
SAD- refers to the 10-day controlled feeding diet period using a Standard American Diet without premeal almond ingestion (control condition).
|
Premeal almond ingestion (18 g; ~100 kcal) 30 minutes prior to meal
|
Cosa sta misurando lo studio?
Misure di risultato primarie
Misure di risultato primarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Postprandial glucose assessed during acute meal test
Lasso di tempo: Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
The primary endpoint will be the difference in plasma glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) assessed via intravenous blood sampling over three hours following a standardized mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) with premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes prior (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
This effect will be averaged across the replicated acute challenge visits in the repeated crossover design.
|
Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
Misure di risultato secondarie
Misure di risultato secondarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Interindividual variability in the postprandial glucose assessed during acute meal test
Lasso di tempo: Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
Variability in response to the single-dose, acute premeal almond supplementation prior to the MMTT will be characterized according to previously established procedures using Pearson's correlation between the first and second replicate of the control-adjusted treatment effect (i.e., MMTT+ vs MMTT-).
That is, the correlation between the difference in iAUC during the first crossover trial (i.e., iAUC during MMTT+ minus iAUC during MMTT-) and the difference in iAUC during the second crossover trial (i.e., iAUC during MMTT+ minus iAUC during MMTT-).
|
Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
|
Consistency between acute glycemic response and longer-term glycemic control
Lasso di tempo: Days 1-4: Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes. Days 5-25
|
Whether the individual glucose-lowering effect of the almond preload observed during the acute, repeated crossover, controlled in-laboratory MMTT predicts an individual's glycemic control during the 10-day, free-living, controlled-feeding phase in which almonds will be consumed thrice daily prior to each main meal on the background of a Standard American diet.
We will evaluate this via the regression coefficient derived from a linear regression with the magnitude of the acute treatment effect in Days 1-4 (i.e., the difference in iAUC between MMTT+ and MMTT- averaged between both crossover trials) as the predictor and the magnitude of the treatment effect in Days 5-25 (i.e., the difference in average iAUC across the 10-day controlled feeding diet periods between MMTT+ and MMTT-) as the outcome.
|
Days 1-4: Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes. Days 5-25
|
Altre misure di risultato
Altre misure di risultato
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Acute postprandial glucose
Lasso di tempo: Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
The difference in plasma glucose assessed via intravenous blood sampling over three hours following a standardized mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) with premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes prior (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
This effect will be averaged across the replicated acute challenge visits in the repeated crossover design.
|
Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
|
Acute postprandial gastric emptying
Lasso di tempo: Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
The difference in acetaminophen appearance (gastric emptying) assessed via intravenous blood sampling over three hours following a standardized mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) with premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes prior (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
This effect will be averaged across the replicated acute challenge visits in the repeated crossover design.
|
Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
|
Acute postprandial insulin
Lasso di tempo: Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
The difference in plasma insulin assessed via intravenous blood sampling over three hours following a standardized mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) with premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes prior (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
This effect will be averaged across the replicated acute challenge visits in the repeated crossover design.
|
Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
|
Acute postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1
Lasso di tempo: Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
The difference in plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 assessed via intravenous blood sampling over three hours following a standardized mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) with premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes prior (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
This effect will be averaged across the replicated acute challenge visits in the repeated crossover design.
|
Days 1-4: -35 minutes, -5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes relative to ingestion of premeal almonds at -30 minutes (if applicable) and the mixed meal tolerance test at 0 minutes.
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - fasting glucose
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in the change of fasting plasma blood glucose from before to after a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in the change of fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol from before to after a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in the change of fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from before to after a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - fasting total cholesterol
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in the change of fasting total cholesterol from before to after a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - fasting insulin
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in the change of fasting plasma insulin from before to after a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - fasting glucagon-like peptide 1
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in the change of fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 from before to after a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - fasting C-reactive protein
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in the change of fasting C-reactive protein from before to after a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - 24-hour glucose
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in average 24-hour glucose assessed via CGM during a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - glucose incremental area under the curve
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in average meal blood glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) assessed via CGM during a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - glucose area under the curve
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in average meal blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) assessed via CGM during a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - glucose standard deviation
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in average blood glucose standard deviation (SD) assessed via CGM during a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - glucose coefficient of variation
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in average blood glucose coefficient of variation (CV) assessed via CGM during a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
|
Cardiometabolic health - glucose time in range
Lasso di tempo: Days 5-25
|
The difference in average glucose time in range assessed via CGM during a 10-day controlled feeding diet period with thrice daily premeal ingestion of 18 g of almonds 30 minutes to each meal (MMTT+) compared to without (MMTT-).
|
Days 5-25
|
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