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Effects of Afternoon Napping, Caffeine, and Standardised Active Recovery on Evening Athletic Performance (NAP-CAF-REC)

25 giugno 2026 aggiornato da: Kais Elabed, The Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax

Effects of Afternoon Napping, Caffeine, and a Standardised Active Recovery Protocol on Evening Athletic Performance According to Sex and Chronotype: A Randomised Crossover Trial

This study evaluated whether afternoon napping, caffeine ingestion, and a standardised active recovery and nutritional protocol could influence evening physical and cognitive performance in healthy university athletes.

Participants completed five experimental conditions in a randomised crossover design: placebo without napping, napping with placebo, caffeine without napping, napping combined with caffeine, and napping combined with caffeine plus a standardised active recovery and nutritional protocol. The nap opportunity lasted 90 minutes and caffeine was administered at 5 mg/kg body mass.

The main outcome was repeated agility performance. Additional outcomes included sprint performance, jumping performance, reaction time, subjective sleepiness, sleep characteristics during the nap opportunity, and selected physiological measures. The study also explored whether responses differed according to sex and chronotype.

Panoramica dello studio

Stato

Completato

Condizioni

Intervento / Trattamento

Descrizione dettagliata

This randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study examined the isolated and combined effects of afternoon napping, caffeine ingestion, and a standardised active recovery and nutritional protocol on evening athletic performance.

Participants completed five experimental conditions in a counterbalanced Latin-square order, with at least 72 h between sessions:

  1. PLA: placebo capsule at 18:00, without a nap opportunity.
  2. NAP: 90-min nap opportunity from 13:00 to 14:30 plus placebo capsule at 18:00.
  3. CAF: caffeine ingestion at 18:00 (5 mg/kg body mass) without a nap opportunity.
  4. NAP+CAF: 90-min nap opportunity plus caffeine ingestion at 18:00.
  5. NAP+CAF+REC: 90-min nap opportunity plus caffeine ingestion at 18:00 and a standardised active recovery and nutritional protocol from 18:45 to 19:00.

The active recovery and nutritional protocol included a standardised lower-limb dynamic stretching routine followed by a carbohydrate-protein snack containing 20 g maltodextrin and 10 g whey isolate. The protocol was identical for all participants allocated to this condition.

Participants were stratified by sex and chronotype before condition allocation. Capsule allocation was double-blinded: participants, outcome assessors, and the testing team were unaware of whether caffeine or placebo had been administered. Blinding of nap and active recovery components was not possible because of the nature of these interventions.

The primary outcome was total time during the Repeated Modified Agility Test. Secondary performance outcomes included 20-m sprint time, countermovement jump height, squat jump height, simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and subjective sleepiness. Nap sleep characteristics were assessed using portable electroencephalographic monitoring. Physiological measures included heart-rate variability, salivary cortisol, plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and blood lactate.

All sessions were conducted under standardised sleep, dietary, and activity-control procedures. The study explored whether intervention responses differed by sex and chronotype.

Tipo di studio

Interventistico

Iscrizione (Effettivo)

60

Fase

  • Non applicabile

Contatti e Sedi

Questa sezione fornisce i recapiti di coloro che conducono lo studio e informazioni su dove viene condotto lo studio.

Luoghi di studio

      • Sfax, Tunisia, 3000
        • Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax (ISSEP Sfax)

Criteri di partecipazione

I ricercatori cercano persone che corrispondano a una certa descrizione, chiamata criteri di ammissibilità. Alcuni esempi di questi criteri sono le condizioni generali di salute di una persona o trattamenti precedenti.

Criteri di ammissibilità

Età idonea allo studio

  • Adulto

Accetta volontari sani

Sì

Descrizione

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy university athletes aged 18-25 years.
  • Regular engagement in structured training, defined as at least 10 training sessions per week of approximately 2 h each, across team sports, judo, athletics, tennis, or swimming.
  • Non-habitual napping, defined as fewer than one nap per week.
  • Low habitual caffeine intake, defined as <80 mg/day, assessed using a 7-day dietary recall.
  • Non-smoker and free from regular medication or recreational drug use.
  • No musculoskeletal injury during the preceding month.
  • Good self-reported sleep quality, defined as a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score <5.
  • Definite morning chronotype (MEQ score 59-86) or definite evening chronotype (MEQ score 16-41).
  • For female participants: self-reported regular menstrual cycles (26-32 days), no hormonal contraceptive use, and no self-reported history of menstrual disorders.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Intermediate chronotype (MEQ score 42-58).
  • Habitual napping (≥1 nap per week).
  • Habitual caffeine intake ≥80 mg/day.
  • Smoking, regular medication use, or recreational drug use.
  • Musculoskeletal injury during the preceding month.
  • Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score ≥5.
  • Self-reported irregular menstrual cycles, hormonal contraceptive use, or history of menstrual disorders in female participants.
  • Self-reported sleep disorder.
  • Inability or unwillingness to complete all five experimental conditions.

Piano di studio

Questa sezione fornisce i dettagli del piano di studio, compreso il modo in cui lo studio è progettato e ciò che lo studio sta misurando.

Come è strutturato lo studio?

Dettagli di progettazione

  • Scopo principale: Altro
  • Assegnazione: Randomizzato
  • Modello interventistico: Assegnazione incrociata
  • Mascheramento: Triplicare

Armi e interventi

Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm
Intervento / Trattamento
Comparatore placebo: PLA
Placebo capsule (microcrystalline cellulose) at 18:00, no nap opportunity
Microcrystalline cellulose was administered orally in an opaque capsule at 18:00. Placebo capsules were matched to caffeine capsules for appearance, mass, colour, and odour.
Sperimentale: NAP
90-minute afternoon nap opportunity (13:00-14:30) with objective sleep architecture recording via portable EEG headband (Dreem 3), followed by placebo capsule (microcrystalline cellulose) at 18:00. Participants remained in a quiet, dimly lit room during the nap opportunity.
Microcrystalline cellulose was administered orally in an opaque capsule at 18:00. Placebo capsules were matched to caffeine capsules for appearance, mass, colour, and odour.
A 90-min afternoon nap opportunity from 13:00 to 14:30 in a quiet, dimly lit, temperature-controlled room. Sleep was monitored using a portable EEG headband. Participants were provided with earplugs and eye masks, and nap sleep characteristics, including sleep stages, were recorded.
Sperimentale: CAF
Caffeine ingestion (5 mg/kg body mass of anhydrous caffeine) at 18:00, no nap opportunity. Participants remained in a quiet, dimly lit room during the 13:00-14:30 period.
Anhydrous caffeine (5 mg/kg body mass) was administered orally in an opaque capsule at 18:00. Placebo capsules contained microcrystalline cellulose and were matched for appearance, mass, colour, and odour. Capsule allocation was blinded to participants and outcome assessors.
Sperimentale: NAP+CAF
90-minute afternoon nap opportunity (13:00-14:30) with EEG recording, followed by caffeine ingestion (5 mg/kg) at 18:00.
A 90-min afternoon nap opportunity from 13:00 to 14:30 in a quiet, dimly lit, temperature-controlled room. Sleep was monitored using a portable EEG headband. Participants were provided with earplugs and eye masks, and nap sleep characteristics, including sleep stages, were recorded.
Anhydrous caffeine (5 mg/kg body mass) was administered orally in an opaque capsule at 18:00. Placebo capsules contained microcrystalline cellulose and were matched for appearance, mass, colour, and odour. Capsule allocation was blinded to participants and outcome assessors.
Sperimentale: NAP+CAF+REC
90-min afternoon nap opportunity (13:00-14:30) with portable EEG monitoring, caffeine ingestion (5 mg/kg body mass) at 18:00, and a 15-min standardised active recovery and nutritional protocol from 18:45 to 19:00. The protocol included lower-limb dynamic stretching followed by a carbohydrate-protein snack containing 20 g maltodextrin and 10 g whey isolate.
A 90-min afternoon nap opportunity from 13:00 to 14:30 in a quiet, dimly lit, temperature-controlled room. Sleep was monitored using a portable EEG headband. Participants were provided with earplugs and eye masks, and nap sleep characteristics, including sleep stages, were recorded.
Anhydrous caffeine (5 mg/kg body mass) was administered orally in an opaque capsule at 18:00. Placebo capsules contained microcrystalline cellulose and were matched for appearance, mass, colour, and odour. Capsule allocation was blinded to participants and outcome assessors.
A 15-min standardised active recovery and nutritional protocol performed from 18:45 to 19:00. It included lower-limb dynamic stretching exercises (forward/backward and lateral leg swings, walking lunges, high knees, and butt kicks; 10 repetitions per leg at a controlled pace), followed by ingestion of a carbohydrate-protein snack containing 20 g maltodextrin and 10 g whey isolate mixed with 200 mL water.

Cosa sta misurando lo studio?

Misure di risultato primarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Repeated Modified Agility Test (RMAT) Total Time
Lasso di tempo: At approximately 19:35 on each of the five experimental days
Total time (seconds) to complete 10 maximal 20-m sprints with four changes of direction (forward sprint, left shuffle, right shuffle, backward sprint). The test was conducted on an indoor hardwood court using dual-beam photocells (Brower Timing Systems, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) placed at the start/finish line. Participants started from a standing position 0.5 m behind the first photocell. Lower values indicate better repeated agility performance. This was the primary outcome measure used for sample size calculation.
At approximately 19:35 on each of the five experimental days

Misure di risultato secondarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height
Lasso di tempo: At approximately 19:20 on each of the five experimental days.
Maximum jump height (cm) calculated from flight time using the formula h = g·t²/8, where g = 9.81 m·s-². Participants started from an upright standing position, performed a rapid downward movement to approximately 90° knee flexion, and immediately jumped vertically, maintaining hands on hips throughout. Three maximal attempts were performed with 2 minutes of rest between attempts; the highest jump height was retained. Measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump Next, Microgate SRL, Bolzano, Italy) with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. Higher values indicate better explosive lower-limb performance.
At approximately 19:20 on each of the five experimental days.
Squat Jump (SJ) Height
Lasso di tempo: At approximately 19:25 on each of the five experimental days.
Maximum jump height (cm) from a static squat position with knees at approximately 90° flexion, hands on hips. Participants held the starting position for 2-3 seconds before jumping vertically without any countermovement. Three maximal attempts were performed with 2 minutes of rest between attempts; the highest jump height was retained for analysis. Calculated from flight time using h = g·t²/8. Measured using Optojump Next optical system (1000 Hz sampling frequency). Higher values indicate better explosive lower-limb performance without stretch-shortening cycle contribution.
At approximately 19:25 on each of the five experimental days.
20-m Sprint Time
Lasso di tempo: At approximately 19:45 on each of the five experimental days.
Best time (seconds) of two maximal 20-m sprints from a standing start, with 3 minutes of passive recovery between sprints. Participants started 0.5 m behind the start line. Sprint time was measured using dual-beam photocells (Brower Timing Systems, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) placed at the start (0 m) and finish (20 m) lines. Lower values indicate better linear sprint performance.
At approximately 19:45 on each of the five experimental days.
Simple Reaction Time (SRT)
Lasso di tempo: At approximately 19:15 on each of the five experimental days.
Mean reaction time (milliseconds) across 15 recorded trials. A green circle appeared on a black background on a 15-inch laptop screen (60 Hz refresh rate), and participants pressed the space bar as quickly as possible. Inter-trial interval varied randomly between 1000 and 2000 ms. Measured using OpenSesame software (version 3.3). Lower values indicate faster simple reaction time and better cognitive processing speed.
At approximately 19:15 on each of the five experimental days.
Choice Reaction Time (CRT)
Lasso di tempo: At approximately 19:20 on each of the five experimental days.
Mean reaction time (milliseconds) across 15 recorded trials. Either a red circle (press the left arrow key) or a blue square (press the right arrow key) appeared randomly on a 15-inch laptop screen (60 Hz refresh rate). Participants had to identify the stimulus and press the correct key as quickly as possible. Inter-trial interval varied randomly between 1000 and 2000 ms. Measured using OpenSesame software (version 3.3). Lower values indicate faster choice reaction time and better cognitive decision-making speed.
At approximately 19:20 on each of the five experimental days.
Heart Rate Variability (RMSSD and HF Power)
Lasso di tempo: At 12:00, 18:00, and approximately 19:45 on each of the five experimental days.
Heart-rate variability was recorded during 5-min supine resting measurements with spontaneous breathing using a Polar H10 chest strap. RR intervals were analysed using Kubios HRV software after artefact correction. The main HRV variables were RMSSD (ms) and high-frequency power (0.15-0.40 Hz, normalised units).
At 12:00, 18:00, and approximately 19:45 on each of the five experimental days.
Salivary Cortisol Concentration
Lasso di tempo: At 12:00, 18:00, approximately 19:45, and 30 minutes after exercise on each of the five experimental days.
Salivary cortisol concentration (nmol/L) measured using Salivette cotton swabs (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). Participants were instructed to avoid eating, drinking (except water), and brushing teeth for 30 minutes before each sample. Samples were centrifuged at 1500×g for 10 minutes at 4°C, and the supernatant was stored at -80°C until analysis. Cortisol concentration was measured in duplicate using a high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, IBL International, Hamburg, Germany) with a detection limit of 0.05 ng/mL and intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation < 8%. Lower values indicate reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity.
At 12:00, 18:00, approximately 19:45, and 30 minutes after exercise on each of the five experimental days.
Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
Lasso di tempo: Measured at baseline and after completion of the evening testing battery on each experimental day.
BDNF concentration (pg/mL) measured in venous blood samples (5 mL) drawn from an antecubital vein. Blood was collected into EDTA tubes, immediately centrifuged at 1500×g for 15 minutes at 4°C, and plasma was stored at -80°C until analysis. BDNF concentration was quantified using a commercially available ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; catalogue number DBD00) with a detection limit of 20 pg/mL and intra- and inter-assay CVs < 6% and < 9%, respectively. Higher values indicate greater neurotrophic activity.
Measured at baseline and after completion of the evening testing battery on each experimental day.
Blood Lactate Concentration
Lasso di tempo: At 18:55, 3 minutes after the Repeated Modified Agility Test, and 3 minutes after the 20-m sprint on each of the five experimental days.
Lactate concentration (mmol/L) measured in capillary blood samples (5 µL) collected from the fingertip using a Lactate Pro 2 analyzer (Arkray, Kyoto, Japan), which has a coefficient of variation < 3%. Higher values indicate greater metabolic perturbation and glycolytic activation during high-intensity exercise.
At 18:55, 3 minutes after the Repeated Modified Agility Test, and 3 minutes after the 20-m sprint on each of the five experimental days.
Nap Architecture (EEG)
Lasso di tempo: During the 90-minute nap opportunity from 13:00 to 14:30 on NAP, NAP+CAF, and NAP+CAF+REC condition days only.
Objective sleep parameters recorded using a validated dry-electrode portable EEG headband (Dreem 3, Paris, France) with six channels (F3, F4, C3, C4, O1, O2, referenced to linked mastoids). Sleep stages were automatically scored in 30-second epochs using the manufacturer's algorithm and visually corrected by a certified sleep technologist blinded to condition and participant. Parameters extracted: total sleep time (TST, minutes), sleep onset latency (SOL, minutes), time in N2 sleep (minutes), time in N3 slow-wave sleep (minutes), time in REM sleep (minutes), and sleep efficiency (TST/time in bed × 100, %).
During the 90-minute nap opportunity from 13:00 to 14:30 on NAP, NAP+CAF, and NAP+CAF+REC condition days only.

Collaboratori e investigatori

Qui è dove troverai le persone e le organizzazioni coinvolte in questo studio.

Sponsor

Investigatori

  • Investigatore principale: Kais El Abed, Phd, University of Sfax, Tunisia

Pubblicazioni e link utili

La persona responsabile dell'inserimento delle informazioni sullo studio fornisce volontariamente queste pubblicazioni. Questi possono riguardare qualsiasi cosa relativa allo studio.

Studiare le date dei record

Queste date tengono traccia dell'avanzamento della registrazione dello studio e dell'invio dei risultati di sintesi a ClinicalTrials.gov. I record degli studi e i risultati riportati vengono esaminati dalla National Library of Medicine (NLM) per assicurarsi che soddisfino specifici standard di controllo della qualità prima di essere pubblicati sul sito Web pubblico.

Studia le date principali

Inizio studio (Effettivo)

2 gennaio 2025

Completamento primario (Effettivo)

31 maggio 2025

Completamento dello studio (Effettivo)

31 maggio 2025

Date di iscrizione allo studio

Primo inviato

10 giugno 2026

Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità

11 giugno 2026

Primo Inserito (Effettivo)

17 giugno 2026

Aggiornamenti dei record di studio

Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)

30 giugno 2026

Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC

25 giugno 2026

Ultimo verificato

1 giugno 2026

Maggiori informazioni

Termini relativi a questo studio

Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio

  • ISSEPS-NAP-CAF-REC-2025
  • ISSEPS/11-02-2026 (Altro identificatore: Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax (ISSEPS), Tunisia)

Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)

Hai intenzione di condividere i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)?

SÌ

Descrizione del piano IPD

Anonymised individual participant data (IPD) will be shared for all 60 participants across all five experimental conditions (300 experimental sessions). Data will include: demographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, chronotype classification (MEQ scores), sleep quality (PSQI scores), nap architecture (EEG-derived sleep stages), physical performance outcomes (RMAT, CMJ, SJ, 20-m sprint), cognitive performance outcomes (SRT, CRT), subjective sleepiness (ESS, KSS), and physiological biomarkers (HRV-RMSSD, HF power, salivary cortisol, plasma BDNF, blood lactate). All data will be fully anonymised using coded identifiers (S01-S60), with the identification key stored separately on encrypted institutional servers.

Periodo di condivisione IPD

IPD and supporting information are currently available on the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository at https://osf.io/3wq5j/. The dataset includes anonymised individual participant data (n=60, 300 experimental sessions), the R statistical analysis script, and the ethical approval certificate. Data will remain accessible indefinitely. Upon publication of the study results in a peer-reviewed journal, additional supporting documents (study protocol, statistical analysis plan, and informed consent form) will be added to the repository.

Criteri di accesso alla condivisione IPD

The anonymised IPD and supporting documents will be openly accessible to any researcher, clinician, or member of the public without restriction. No formal request process or approval is required. Users may download the data directly from the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository once deposited. Researchers who reuse the data are requested to cite the original publication and the OSF dataset DOI. The data are provided "as is" without any warranty or guarantee of accuracy.

Tipo di informazioni di supporto alla condivisione IPD

  • STUDIO_PROTOCOLLO
  • LINFA
  • ICF
  • CODICE_ANALITICO

Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio

Studia un prodotto farmaceutico regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Studia un dispositivo regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .