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Targeted Versus Standard Peri-operative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients Colonized With Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacterales Undergoing Liver Transplantation (TAILOR)

Targeted Versus Standard Peri-operative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients Colonized With Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales Undergoing Liver Transplantation: a Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomization Trial

This is a multicenter stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial, conducted over a 2-year period at three hospitals. The trial is structured into four phases, each lasting six months. During phase 1 (pre-rollout), all hospitals will use standard antibiotic prophylaxis for all patients. In each of phases 2 to 4, one hospital will switch to targeted antibiotic prophylaxis, so that by phase 4 all hospitals will be using it. The order in which hospitals switch is determined by computer-generated randomization performed centrally by an independent statistician, ensuring each hospital has an equal chance of switching at any given phase and minimizing selection bias.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether targeted antibiotic prophylaxis works better than standard antibiotic prophylaxis at preventing infections in liver transplant patients who carry resistant bacteria called CPE (carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales). It will also learn about the effects of these antibiotics on gut bacteria.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

  • Does targeted antibiotic prophylaxis reduce the number of CPE infections occurring in the first two weeks after liver transplant, compared to standard prophylaxis?
  • How do targeted and standard antibiotic prophylaxis affect the gut microbiome after transplant?
  • Is there a link between achieving optimal antibiotic blood levels and the risk of developing an infection after transplant?

Researchers will compare targeted antibiotic prophylaxis (chosen based on the specific bacteria each patient carries) to standard antibiotic prophylaxis (used routinely at each hospital) to see which approach better prevents infection.

This study does not involve the administration of any drugs or instrumental examinations beyond those already part of standard clinical care at each center. However, additional blood tests will be performed by collecting one extra blood sample (and a bile sample, if the patient has a Kehr's tube, which is a drain placed in the bile duct after surgery) during blood draws already scheduled as part of routine clinical practice, in order to measure drug levels in the blood. Stool samples will also be collected specifically for the study to investigate the gut microbiome.

Panoramica dello studio

Stato

Non ancora reclutamento

Condizioni

Intervento / Trattamento

Descrizione dettagliata

Colonization and infection with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the setting of solid organ transplantation (SOT), and in particular among liver transplant (LT) candidates and/or recipients. Indeed, the prevalence of CPE infection is highest after LT compared with other types of SOT, CPE carriage is the strongest predisposing factor, and CPE carriage/infection has been associated with significant increase in the odds of death across multiple studies. Several strategies have been proposed to reduce CPE infection and associated poor outcome after LT, including active screening, decolonization and targeted perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (T-PAP). Decolonization is no longer recommended due to its limited benefit and associated adverse events, observed also in a randomized controlled trial on SOT recipients. Recent European guidelines endorsed the performance of active screening for CPE carriage before LT but, due to the lack of evidence, they could not provide a recommendation regarding optimal PAP in CPE carriers. This study addresses a critical unmet need in liver transplantation by evaluating targeted perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (T-PAP) versus standard perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (S-PAP) in CPE colonized patients. By using a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized design, it could generate robust, practice-changing evidence on how to reduce early CPE infections, mortality, and healthcare costs. The project is innovative in study design as well as in integrating advanced gut microbiome (GM) and resistome analyses, offering new insights into the GM effects of perioperative antibiotic strategies. The use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to optimize dosing adds a precision medicine approach. Findings are expected to impact clinical guidelines and improve outcomes for transplant recipients and potentially for other high-risk surgical populations.

The stepped-wedge design is better suited than standard individual randomization for evaluating the potential indirect effects of the T-PAP policy on gut microbiome and liver functionality.

The intervention will consist of targeted perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (T-PAP) using an agent shown to be active in vitro against the colonizing strain. The specific drug will be selected at the discretion of the local investigator, in collaboration with the attending physician, and, if necessary, discussed with all the study investigators in a dedicated meeting. In the control arm, standard perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (S-PAP) will be administered according to local protocols. In both arms, prophylaxis will begin 30-60 minutes before surgical incision, following guidelines, and will be discontinued no later than 48 hours post-surgery.

Tipo di studio

Interventistico

Iscrizione (Stimato)

168

Fase

  • Fase 3

Contatti e Sedi

Questa sezione fornisce i recapiti di coloro che conducono lo studio e informazioni su dove viene condotto lo studio.

Contatto studio

Backup dei contatti dello studio

Luoghi di studio

    • BO
      • Bologna, BO, Italia, 40138
        • IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
        • Contatto:
        • Contatto:
        • Sub-investigatore:
          • Matteo Rinaldi, MD
    • PI
      • Pisa, PI, Italia, 56126
        • Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana
        • Contatto:
    • TO
      • Torino, TO, Italia, 10126
        • Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Citta Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino
        • Contatto:

Criteri di partecipazione

I ricercatori cercano persone che corrispondano a una certa descrizione, chiamata criteri di ammissibilità. Alcuni esempi di questi criteri sono le condizioni generali di salute di una persona o trattamenti precedenti.

Criteri di ammissibilità

Età idonea allo studio

  • Adulto
  • Adulto più anziano

Accetta volontari sani

No

Descrizione

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adult (≥18 years) patients colonized with Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales (CPE) undergoing liver transplantation (LT)
  • Informed consent signed by the enrolled patients

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Active infection from any Gram-negative bacteria at the time of LT
  • High risk of donor-derived CPE infection (e.g., donors known to be colonized or infected with CPE at the time of death, or CPE isolated from donor blood or preservation fluid samples)
  • Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • Participation in a clinical trial in which an investigational drug was administered within 30 days of screening or within the 5 half-lives of the study drug, whichever is longer.
  • History of severe immediate hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis) to beta-lactam agents (e.g., cephalosporins, carbapenems, or monobactams).
  • Colonization by strains resistant to all Investigational Medicinal Products (IMPs)

Piano di studio

Questa sezione fornisce i dettagli del piano di studio, compreso il modo in cui lo studio è progettato e ciò che lo studio sta misurando.

Come è strutturato lo studio?

Dettagli di progettazione

  • Scopo principale: Trattamento
  • Assegnazione: Randomizzato
  • Modello interventistico: Assegnazione incrociata
  • Mascheramento: Nessuno (etichetta aperta)

Armi e interventi

Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm
Intervento / Trattamento
Sperimentale: Targeted prophylaxis T-PAP

Patients included in the Targeted prophylaxis (T-PAP) arm will be treated using an agent shown to be active in vitro against the colonizing strain. The specific drug will be selected at the discretion of the local investigator, in collaboration with the attending physician, and, if necessary, discussed with all the study investigators in a dedicated meeting.All drugs will be used strictly in accordance with their approved Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC).

Available drugs that could be used as a T-PAP are:

  • Ceftazidime/avibactam
  • Meropenem/vaborbactam
  • Imipenem/relebactam
  • Cefiderocol
  • Aztreonam
  • Eravacycline
  • Aztreonam/avibactam
2g/0.5g powder for concentrate for solution for infusion.Each vial contains ceftazidime pentahydrate equivalent to 2 g ceftazidime and avibactam sodium equivalent to 0.5 g avibactam. For T-PAP, the administration should not exceed 48 hours
1g/1g powder for concentrate for solution for infusion. Each vial contains meropenem trihydrate equivalent to 1 g meropenem, and 1 g vaborbactam. Excipient with known effect: Each vial contains 10.9 mmol of sodium (approximately 250 mg). For T-PAP, the administration should not exceed 48 hours.

Supplied as a dry powder in a single-dose vial that must be constituted and further diluted using aseptic technique prior to intravenous infusion (IV).

Each vial contains imipenem monohydrate equivalent to 500 mg imipenem, cilastatin sodium equivalent to 500 mg cilastatin, and relebactam monohydrate equivalent to 250 mg relebactam. For T-PAP, the administration should not exceed 48 hours.

Supplied as single use vials containing cefiderocol sodium tosylate, equivalent to 1 g cefiderocol. Excipients include sucrose, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide. For T-PAP, the administration should not exceed 48 hours.
Supplied as a single use vials containing sterile solution of Aztreonam and Arginine and a suitable osmolality adjusting substance in Water for Injection. It contains NLT 90.0% and NMT 120.0% of the labeled amount of aztreonam. For T-PAP, the administration should not exceed 48 hours.
Supplied as powder for concentrate for solution for infusion, each vial contains 50 mg of eravacycline. Each vial is for single use only, that must be reconstituted and further diluted using aseptic technique prior to intravenous infusion. For T-PAP, the administration should not exceed 48 hours.
Supplied as powder for concentrate for solution for infusion, each vial contains 1.5 g of aztreonam and avibactam sodium equivalent to 0.5 g of avibactam. For T-PAP, the administration should not exceed 48 hours.
Sperimentale: Standard prophylaxis S-PAP

Patients include in the Standard prophylaxis (S-PAP) arm will be treated with standard drugs administered according to local protocols.

Drugs used as S-PAP are:

  • Amoxicillin/clavulanate
  • Piperacillin/tazobactam
  • Tigecycline
Powder for solution for injection or infusion, supplied as vials of 2000/200 mg. Each vial contains 2000 mg amoxicillin (as amoxicillin sodium) and 200 mg clavulanic acid (as potassium clavulanate). Each vial contains 5.5 mmol (125.9 mg) of sodium and 1 mmol (39.3 mg) of potassium. For S-PAP, the duration should not exceed 48 hours.
Powder for solution, each vial contains amounts of Piperacillin Sodium and Tazobactam Sodium equivalent to not less than 90.0 percent and not more than 110.0 percent of the labeled amounts of piperacillin, the labeled amounts representing proportions of piperacillin to tazobactam is of 8 : 1. It may contain small amounts of a suitable buffer stabilizer. For S-PAP, the duration should not exceed 48 hours.
Powder for solution, each vial should be reconstituted with 5.3 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, or 5% Dextrose Injection, to achieve a concentration of 10 mg/mL of tigecycline. For S-PAP, the duration should not exceed 48 hours.

Cosa sta misurando lo studio?

Misure di risultato primarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
To investigate the impact of T-PAP vs. S-PAP on the incidence of early CPE infection after LT in patients colonized with CPE undergoing LT
Lasso di tempo: Within 14 days after liver transplant
The impact of T-PAP over S-PAP will be calculated comparing the percentage of CPE infections in the first two weeks after LT in the intervention and control group.
Within 14 days after liver transplant

Misure di risultato secondarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
To investigate the impact of T-PAP vs. S-PAP on the dynamics of gut microbiome after LT in patients colonized with CPE at transplant
Lasso di tempo: At the time of liver transplant, and at 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after liver transplant
Cross-sectional differences between T-PAP and S-PAP groups over time, in GM alpha diversity, composition (relative abundance at different taxonomic levels) and functionality (gene and pathway abundances), will be assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by post-hoc Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.
At the time of liver transplant, and at 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after liver transplant
To investigate the relationship between the attainment of optimal pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) target and the occurrence of CPE and non-CPE infections after LT in patients colonized with CPE at transplant
Lasso di tempo: Within 14 days from liver transplant
In order to evaluate the relationship between the attainment of early optimal PK/PD target with agents used for both T-PAP and S-PAP and the occurrence of CPE and non-CPE infections in the post-LT period, TDM of selected agents will be performed at the end of surgical procedure and at 24 hours after starting T-PAP and S-PAP. The relationship between the attainment of optimal PK/PD target and the occurrence of CPE and non-CPE infections will be calculated comparing the percentage of patients developing CPE and non-CPE infections in the first two weeks after LT in the intervention and control group.
Within 14 days from liver transplant
To investigate the impact of T-PAP vs. S-PAP on CPE carriage status
Lasso di tempo: At 30, 60 and 90 days after liver transplant
The impact of T-PAP vs S-PAP on CPE carriage status will be calculated comparing the percentage of patients colonized with Carbapenem-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) at 30, 60 and 90 days after LT in the intervention and control group.
At 30, 60 and 90 days after liver transplant
To investigate the development of bacterial infections
Lasso di tempo: At 30, 60 and 90 days after liver transplant
The impact of T-PAP vs S-PAP will be calculated comparing the percentage of patients diagnosed with a bacterial infection at 30, 60 and 90 days after LT in the intervention and control group.
At 30, 60 and 90 days after liver transplant
To investigate all-cause mortality
Lasso di tempo: At 30, 60 and 90 days after liver transplant
The impact of T-PAP vs S-PAP will be calculated comparing the percentage of patients who died from any cause at 30, 60 and 90 days after LT in the intervention and control group.
At 30, 60 and 90 days after liver transplant
To investigate the safety of T-PAP versus S-PAP
Lasso di tempo: During prophylaxis administration or within 7 days from the initiation of administration
The rates of adverse events (e.g. neurotoxicity) in the intervention and in the control groups will be computed.
During prophylaxis administration or within 7 days from the initiation of administration

Collaboratori e investigatori

Qui è dove troverai le persone e le organizzazioni coinvolte in questo studio.

Sponsor

Investigatori

  • Investigatore principale: Maddalena Giannella, MD, PhD, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna

Studiare le date dei record

Queste date tengono traccia dell'avanzamento della registrazione dello studio e dell'invio dei risultati di sintesi a ClinicalTrials.gov. I record degli studi e i risultati riportati vengono esaminati dalla National Library of Medicine (NLM) per assicurarsi che soddisfino specifici standard di controllo della qualità prima di essere pubblicati sul sito Web pubblico.

Studia le date principali

Inizio studio (Stimato)

1 ottobre 2026

Completamento primario (Stimato)

30 giugno 2029

Completamento dello studio (Stimato)

30 settembre 2029

Date di iscrizione allo studio

Primo inviato

19 giugno 2026

Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità

6 agosto 2026

Primo Inserito (Effettivo)

12 agosto 2026

Aggiornamenti dei record di studio

Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)

12 agosto 2026

Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC

6 agosto 2026

Ultimo verificato

1 giugno 2026

Maggiori informazioni

Termini relativi a questo studio

Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)

Hai intenzione di condividere i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)?

NO

Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio

Studia un prodotto farmaceutico regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Studia un dispositivo regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .