Foam Sclerotherapy With or Without Transdermal Laser for Reticular Veins and Telangiectasias

The lower limb allocated to the control treatment will receive isolated sclerotherapy with 0.5% polidocanol foam within the standardized treatment area. The contralateral lower limb of the same participant will receive Laser After Foam (LAAF). Treatment laterality will be determined by randomization

Polidocanol 0.5% foam will be prepared immediately before application using the Tessari technique by mixing 1 mL of 0.5% polidocanol with 4 mL of room air in a 1:4 ratio, using two syringes connected by a three-way stopcock and approximately 20 passages for homogenization. A maximum foam volume of 2 mL per treated area will be used. Intravascul ar microinjections will be performed with a fine needle, preferably 25G, in fractionated volumes and at a controlled rate. For very small telangiectasias, 0.25% liquid polidocanol may be used as a complementary intravascular microinjection. After treatment, standardized light local compression will be maintained for approximately 24 hours.

• Polidocanol 0.5% Foam

The lower limb allocated to CLaF will receive 0.5% polidocanol foam sclerotherapy followed immediately by long-pulsed transdermal 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser treatment under continuous cold-air cooling. For very small telangiectasias, 0.25% liquid polidocanol may be used as a complementary intravascular microinjection according to the study protocol. The contralateral lower limb of the same participant will receive isolated polidocanol foam sclerotherapy. Treatment laterality will be determined by randomization.

Polidocanol 0.5% foam will be prepared immediately before application using the Tessari technique by mixing 1 mL of 0.5% polidocanol with 4 mL of room air in a 1:4 ratio, using two syringes connected by a three-way stopcock and approximately 20 passages for homogenization. A maximum foam volume of 2 mL per treated area will be used. Intravascul ar microinjections will be performed with a fine needle, preferably 25G, in fractionated volumes and at a controlled rate. For very small telangiectasias, 0.25% liquid polidocanol may be used as a complementary intravascular microinjection. After treatment, standardized light local compression will be maintained for approximately 24 hours.

• Polidocanol 0.5% Foam

Immediately after polidocanol sclerotherapy, a long-pulsed transdermal 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser will be applied over the treated vessels under continuous cold-air cooling at approximately -20°C, characterizing the Cryo-Laser After Foam (CLaF) technique. Approximately 10% spot overlap may be used, with up to two passes over the target vessel. A maximum of 150 laser shots per standardized 20 × 15 cm treatment area is planned, unless earlier interruption is required for safety. For telangiectasias smaller than 1 mm, the laser parameters will be a 2-mm spot size, fluence of 200 J/cm², and pulse duration of 15 ms. For reticular veins measuring 1-3 mm, the parameters will be a 6-mm spot size, fluence of 70 J/cm², and pulse duration of 30 ms. Continuous cold-air cooling will be maintained throughout laser application for epidermal protection and patient comfort.

Residual vascular area will be quantified from standardized digital photographs using semiautomated image analysis, preferably with ImageJ/Fiji, within the standardized 20 × 15 cm treatment area. Change in residual vascular area will be expressed as a percentage relative to baseline at each follow-up time point. The paired intraindividual comparison will be performed between the area treated with CLaF and the contralateral area treated with isolated foam sclerotherapy.

Standardized digital photographs will be independently assessed by two blinded outcome assessors. Vascular clearance will be evaluated by comparing follow-up images with baseline images within the standardized treatment area. In case of clinically relevant disagreement, a third blinded assessor will perform adjudication.

Global aesthetic improvement will be assessed using the protocol-adapted Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), ranging from -1 to 3. A score of -1 indicates worsening, 0 indicates no change, 1 indicates improvement, 2 indicates marked improvement, and 3 indicates very marked improvement or excellent aesthetic result

Post-treatment hyperpigmentation will be assessed clinically and photographically in the treated area. Hyperpigmentation will be recorded as present or absent and its clinical intensity will be documented. Results will be compared between the ClaF-treated limb and the contralateral limb treated with isolated foam sclerotherapy.

Skin pigmentation will be objectively measured using the Mexameter. Standardized measurement points will include the area of greatest pigmentation, when present, and adjacent untreated control skin. Each point will be measured three consecutive times and the arithmetic mean will be used. Change in melanin index will be compared with baseline and adjacent untreated skin.

Retained thrombus will be assessed clinically and defined as palpable or visible thrombotic material within the treated venous segment. The presence or absence, approximate size, associated pain, and need for drainage will be recorded.

The need for drainage of retained thrombus will be recorded. Drainage may be indicated in the presence of a dark superficial thrombus, painful palpable cord, intravascular nodule, or local pain equal to or greater than 4 on the pain scale, according to the clinical assessor. When performed, the treated limb, date, approximate drained volume, and complications will be recorded.

Pain will be assessed using a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain. Pain will be recorded for the sclerotherapy stage, the transdermal laser stage when applicable, and the overall procedure

Telangiectatic matting will be defined as the appearance of new fine network-like telangiectasias within the treated area. Presence or absence and extension of matting will be recorded and compared between treatment techniques.

Superficial phlebitis will be assessed clinically based on pain, erythema, and induration along the treated venous segment. Severity and any treatment instituted will be recorded.

Persistent ecchymosis will be assessed clinically and defined as ecchymosis persisting beyond the expected post-treatment period or considered clinically relevant during follow-up. Its extent and resolution will be documented.

Skin necrosis or wound will be defined as loss of skin integrity within the treated area. When present, lesion dimensions, treatment instituted, and clinical evolution will be recorded.

Suspected thromboembolic events, including deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, will be investigated and recorded. Diagnostic confirmation, clinical management, and notifi

Quality of life related to chronic venous disease will be assessed using the Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire-14 (CIVIQ-14). The questionnaire contains 14 items. Scores will be calculated according to the prespecified scoring method and expressed on a 0 to 100 Global Index Score, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. Change from baseline will be assessed at Day 90 and Day 180. This is a participant-level outcome and will not be attributed separately to either lower limb or intervention.

Venous disease-specific quality of life will be assessed using the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study Quality of Life/Symptoms questionnaire (VEINES-QOL/Sym). The VEINES-QOL score is derived from 25 items included in questions 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; question 2 is descriptive and is not included in the score.

The score will be calculated using intrinsic scoring. After orienting item responses so that higher values indicate a better health status, each item response will be transformed using (i-1)/(k-1), where i is the response category and k is the number of response categories for that item. The mean of the available transformed items will then be multiplied by 100.

The VEINES-QOL score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better venous disease-specific quality of life. The score will not be calculated when more than 50% of the relevant items are missing. Change from baseline will be assessed at Day 90 and Day

Venous symptoms will be assessed using the VEINES-Sym component of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study Quality of Life/Symptoms questionnaire (VEINES-QOL/Sym). The VEINES-Sym score is derived from 10 items: the nine venous symptom items included in question 1 and the leg pain item included in question 7.

The score will be calculated using intrinsic scoring. After orienting item responses so that higher values indicate a better health status, each item response will be transformed using (i-1)/(k-1), where i is the response category and k is the number of response categories for that item. The mean of the available transformed items will then be multiplied by 100.

The VEINES-Sym score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating fewer or less severe venous symptoms and a better symptom status. The score will not be calculated when more than 50% of the relevant items are missing. Change from baseline will be assessed at

At the final follow-up visit, the participant's preference regarding the aesthetic result of the two treated lower limbs will be recorded

The need for additional treatment of residual or recurrent reticular veins and telangiectasias within the standardized treated area will be assessed at the final follow-up visit