Comparison Between Foot Segment Mulligan Mobilization and Ilium Mulligan Mobilization in Treatment Patellofemoral Pain Patients With Flatfeet: a Randomized Controlled Comparative Study (PFP)

Sperimentale: Group A: Foot segment Milligan mobilization group

mobilization with movement for talonavicular and talocrural joint + Hip-knee focused exercises

Altro: mobilization with movement of the foot segment

Mobilization with movement of the foot segment First, a dorsal glide of the talonavicular joint will be combined with plantarflexion and inversion of the foot.

Second, a posterior glide of the talocrural joint will be applied in combination with the corresponding active ankle dorsiflexion.

Both mobilization techniques will be applied for 10 repetitions/ 3 sets

Altri nomi:

• Mulligan mobilization of the foot segment

Altro: Hip-knee focused exercises

Stretching exercises will include hamstring dynamic stretching from a supine position, soleus muscle stretching from a step-down position and standing the iliotibial band stretches first with arms at the side and then with arms extending overhead. Stretching exercises were performed 3 times, with a 30-s hold and a 1- in rest between each set and each muscle.

The hip exercises will consist of bridging with an isometric hip abduction exercise from a supine position for hip extensors, side-lying hip abduction and clamshell at 30° hip flexion for hip external rotators.

The knee exercises will involve mini wall squatting from 0-45° with a band around the distal thigh to engage hip abductors and external rotators, terminal knee extension exercise from a standing position and seated knee extension exercise from 90° to 45° knee flexion.

Altri nomi:

• conventional hip-knee focused exercises

Sperimentale: Group B: Ilium Milligan mobilization group

mobilization with movement of ilium + Hip-knee focused exercises

Altro: Hip-knee focused exercises

Stretching exercises will include hamstring dynamic stretching from a supine position, soleus muscle stretching from a step-down position and standing the iliotibial band stretches first with arms at the side and then with arms extending overhead. Stretching exercises were performed 3 times, with a 30-s hold and a 1- in rest between each set and each muscle.

The hip exercises will consist of bridging with an isometric hip abduction exercise from a supine position for hip extensors, side-lying hip abduction and clamshell at 30° hip flexion for hip external rotators.

The knee exercises will involve mini wall squatting from 0-45° with a band around the distal thigh to engage hip abductors and external rotators, terminal knee extension exercise from a standing position and seated knee extension exercise from 90° to 45° knee flexion.

Altri nomi:

• conventional hip-knee focused exercises

Altro: Mobilization with movement of the Ilium

the patients will be in prone position with their hands at shoulder level, and the therapist will stand on the opposite side of the mobilized ilium. The therapist will stabilize the sacrum with the medial aspect of one hand, place the fingers of the other hand under the anterior superior iliac spine, and then will pull the ilium in posterior translation and rotation in relation to the sacrum. Next, the patient will be asked to perform 10 pain-free press-ups by extending the elbows. The mobilization included 3 sets with 10 repetitions for each set and a 30-s rest in between.

Comparatore attivo: Group C: Control group

Hip-knee focused exercises only

Altro: Hip-knee focused exercises

Stretching exercises will include hamstring dynamic stretching from a supine position, soleus muscle stretching from a step-down position and standing the iliotibial band stretches first with arms at the side and then with arms extending overhead. Stretching exercises were performed 3 times, with a 30-s hold and a 1- in rest between each set and each muscle.

The hip exercises will consist of bridging with an isometric hip abduction exercise from a supine position for hip extensors, side-lying hip abduction and clamshell at 30° hip flexion for hip external rotators.

The knee exercises will involve mini wall squatting from 0-45° with a band around the distal thigh to engage hip abductors and external rotators, terminal knee extension exercise from a standing position and seated knee extension exercise from 90° to 45° knee flexion.

Altri nomi:

• conventional hip-knee focused exercises

Function measured by Anterior Knee Pain Scale

Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS) It is a self-administered, weighted questionnaire that examines 13 different items including pain and functionality and a maximum score of 100 points, with higher scores indicating better lower extremity function. It documents response to six activities associated specifically with AKPS (walking, running, jumping, climbing stairs, squatting and sitting for prolonged period with knee bent). This scale has demonstrated high test-retest reliability and is considered a good and valid detector for significant changes after treatment of patients with PFPS.

Pain measured by Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS)

Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) The numeric pain rating scale ranges from 0 to 10 points, where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst possible suffering. Its ICC which measures the reliability of test-retests, has been 0.76, indicating that it is a reliable measure of pain intensity.

Muscle strength by hand-held dynamometer

This device is valid and reliable in assessment of muscle strength during the dynamic movement and also during the isometric contraction of the muscles with intra-rater correlation coefficient (ICC ≥0.75).

It used to assess the isometric muscle strength of hip and knee joint in patient with PFPS by using a calibrated Nicholas hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, IN, USA) which characterized by good to excellent interrater and intra-rater reliability

Pelvic tilt angle by Palpation Meter device (PALM)

Palpation meter (PALM) is a pelvic leveling tool that blends inclinometer and caliper functions, it's made by performance Attainment Associates (Performance Attainment Associates, 3600 LaBore, Suite 6, Saint Paul, MN 55110 - 4144 USA). It's developed to measure pelvic torsion, pelvic tilting and leg length discrepancy (LLD). The body of the PALM contains a bubble level in a semi-circular arc with one-degree graduations that range from zero degree to thirty degrees on either side of the midline. The caliper arms are placed in bony landmarks and the degree of deviation from horizontal is read from the inclinometer. Interclass correlation coefficient suggests that intratester reliability was high for frontal plane measure (0.84) and sagittal plane measures (0.98) and intertester reliability was high for sagittal plane measures (0.89) but moderate for frontal plane measures (0.65).

foot pronation by Foot Posture Index (FPI)

It is a clinical tool that measures foot posture in multiple planes and anatomical segments. Its correlation coefficient showed excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.89-0.96) which indicates a very good FPI-6 reliability in the foot assessment. The FPI-6 is a valid cheap non-invasive instrument which in a fast and simple way allows one to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of many parameters of the foot's construction without the need to apply complex and time-consuming measurement methods.

Foot posture index determined either the foot was pronated or not based on the scores of its six items (talar head palpation curves above and below the lateral malleoli, calcaneal angle, talonavicular bulge, medial longitudinal arch, and forefoot to rearfoot alignment). Each of the six items of FPI-6 was evaluated on a scale from -2 to +2. The neutral position of the foot is classified as 0, a positive score is foot pronation and negative score is foot supination