Pain Management During Panretinal Photocoagulation for Diabetic Retinopathy: Safety and Efficacy of Peribulbar Anesthesia
8 giugno 2026 aggiornato da: Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México
Safety and Efficacy of Peribulbar Anesthesia for Pain Management in Patients With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy During Panretinal Photocoagulation
The purpose of this study was to compare two different anesthesia methods for pain control during panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), a type of laser surgery that treats proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
The study included eyes from patients with diabetes and proliferative diabetic retinopathy who were scheduled to undergo their first PRP session. Participants were split into two groups to receive either peribulbar anesthesia, which is a type of anesthesia injected through the eyelid, or a sham injection with topical anesthesia only.
Pain on a numerical scale and vital signs were recorded before and for 15 minutes during PRP. These results were compared between the two groups to determine which method delivers superior pain control.
Panoramica dello studio
Stato
Completato
Condizioni
Intervento / Trattamento
Tipo di studio
Interventistico
Iscrizione (Effettivo)
50
Fase
- Fase 4
Contatti e Sedi
Questa sezione fornisce i recapiti di coloro che conducono lo studio e informazioni su dove viene condotto lo studio.
Luoghi di studio
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Mexico City
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Mexico City, Mexico City, Messico, 04030
- Asociacion Para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, I.A.P.
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Criteri di partecipazione
I ricercatori cercano persone che corrispondano a una certa descrizione, chiamata criteri di ammissibilità. Alcuni esempi di questi criteri sono le condizioni generali di salute di una persona o trattamenti precedenti.
Criteri di ammissibilità
Età idonea allo studio
- Adulto
- Adulto più anziano
Accetta volontari sani
No
Descrizione
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults aged 18 years or older with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- Scheduled to undergo their first PRP session
- Able to maintain the required posture at the slit lamp throughout the procedure
Exclusion Criteria:
- History of phobic anxiety disorder related to needles or injections
- Known allergies or hypersensitivity to lidocaine, bupivacaine, or tetracaine
- Use of analgesics within 24 hours prior to treatment
- Cognitive or motor impairments that could hinder effective communication of pain.
Piano di studio
Questa sezione fornisce i dettagli del piano di studio, compreso il modo in cui lo studio è progettato e ciò che lo studio sta misurando.
Come è strutturato lo studio?
Dettagli di progettazione
- Scopo principale: Trattamento
- Assegnazione: Randomizzato
- Modello interventistico: Assegnazione parallela
- Mascheramento: Separare
Armi e interventi
Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm |
Intervento / Trattamento |
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Sperimentale: Peribulbar anesthesia intervention group
The intervention administered was topical anesthesia with peribulbar anesthesia consisting of a lidocaine and bupivacaine injection.
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A mixture of 1.5 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine and 1.5 mL of 2% lidocaine was prepared in a 3 mL syringe.
The peribulbar injection was administered using a 25G needle inserted horizontally through the inferior palpebral conjunctiva, directed axially over the infraorbital rim, and then angled upward to deliver the anesthetic into the orbit.
A single drop of topical 5% tetracaine
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Comparatore fittizio: Control group
The control group received only topical anesthesia and a sham peribulbar injection.
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A single drop of topical 5% tetracaine
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Cosa sta misurando lo studio?
Misure di risultato primarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
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Pain perception during PRP administration
Lasso di tempo: Pain on the NRS scale was measured at the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-minute marks while undergoing PRP application in each eye.
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patient perception of pain during PRP administration in each eye, measured using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS).
The NRS measures pain intensity on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 corresponds to the absence of pain and 10 represents the worst pain imaginable.
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Pain on the NRS scale was measured at the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-minute marks while undergoing PRP application in each eye.
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Misure di risultato secondarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
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Heart rate
Lasso di tempo: at baseline before the start of PRP, and at the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-minute marks while undergoing PRP application in each eye.
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Heart rate measured as beats per minute using the Aquarius Vital Sign Monitor (Shenzhen Northern Meditec Limited, Shenzhen, China)
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at baseline before the start of PRP, and at the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-minute marks while undergoing PRP application in each eye.
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Respiratory rate
Lasso di tempo: at baseline before the start of PRP, and at the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-minute marks while undergoing PRP application in each eye.
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Respiratory rate measured as breaths per minute using the Aquarius Vital Sign Monitor (Shenzhen Northern Meditec Limited, Shenzhen, China)
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at baseline before the start of PRP, and at the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-minute marks while undergoing PRP application in each eye.
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Oxygen saturation
Lasso di tempo: at baseline before the start of PRP, and at the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-minute marks while undergoing PRP application in each eye.
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Oxygen saturation was measured as SpO2 using the Aquarius Vital Sign Monitor (Shenzhen Northern Meditec Limited, Shenzhen, China)
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at baseline before the start of PRP, and at the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-minute marks while undergoing PRP application in each eye.
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Collaboratori e investigatori
Qui è dove troverai le persone e le organizzazioni coinvolte in questo studio.
Investigatori
- Investigatore principale: José Gerardo García Aguirre, MD, Asociacion Para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, I.A.P.
Pubblicazioni e link utili
La persona responsabile dell'inserimento delle informazioni sullo studio fornisce volontariamente queste pubblicazioni. Questi possono riguardare qualsiasi cosa relativa allo studio.
Pubblicazioni generali
- Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology. 1991 May;98(5 Suppl):766-85.
- Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976 Apr;81(4):383-96. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(76)90292-0.
- Tsoumani AT, Asproudis IC, Damigos D. Tetracaine 0.5% eyedrops with or without lidocaine 2% gel in topical anesthesia for cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010 Sep 7;4:967-70. doi: 10.2147/opth.s11755.
- Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, Chen SJ, Dekker JM, Fletcher A, Grauslund J, Haffner S, Hamman RF, Ikram MK, Kayama T, Klein BE, Klein R, Krishnaiah S, Mayurasakorn K, O'Hare JP, Orchard TJ, Porta M, Rema M, Roy MS, Sharma T, Shaw J, Taylor H, Tielsch JM, Varma R, Wang JJ, Wang N, West S, Xu L, Yasuda M, Zhang X, Mitchell P, Wong TY; Meta-Analysis for Eye Disease (META-EYE) Study Group. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012 Mar;35(3):556-64. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1909. Epub 2012 Feb 1.
- Ripart J, Lefrant JY, de La Coussaye JE, Prat-Pradal D, Vivien B, Eledjam JJ. Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery: an anatomical comparison of extraconal and intraconal injections. Anesthesiology. 2001 Jan;94(1):56-62. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200101000-00013.
- Richardson C, Waterman H. Pain relief during panretinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy: a national survey. Eye (Lond). 2009 Dec;23(12):2233-7. doi: 10.1038/eye.2008.421.
- Wu WC, Hsu KH, Chen TL, Hwang YS, Lin KK, Li LM, Shih CP, Lai CC. Interventions for relieving pain associated with panretinal photocoagulation: a prospective randomized trial. Eye (Lond). 2006 Jun;20(6):712-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701989. Epub 2005 Jul 8.
- Ko BW, Shim JH, Lee BR, Cho HY. Analgesic effects of tramadol during panretinal photocoagulation. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2009 Dec;23(4):273-6. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2009.23.4.273. Epub 2009 Dec 4.
- Zakrzewski PA, O'Donnell HL, Lam WC. Oral versus topical diclofenac for pain prevention during panretinal photocoagulation. Ophthalmology. 2009 Jun;116(6):1168-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.01.022. Epub 2009 Apr 19.
- Tesha PE, Giavedoni LR, Berger AR, Altomare F, Chow DR, Navajas EV, Yoganathan P, Wong DT, Principe A. Subconjunctival lidocaine before laser treatment: a randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2010 Sep;117(9):1810-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.01.036. Epub 2010 Jun 8.
- Stitt AW, Curtis TM, Chen M, Medina RJ, McKay GJ, Jenkins A, Gardiner TA, Lyons TJ, Hammes HP, Simo R, Lois N. The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016 Mar;51:156-86. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001. Epub 2015 Aug 18.
- Teo ZL, Tham YC, Yu M, Chee ML, Rim TH, Cheung N, Bikbov MM, Wang YX, Tang Y, Lu Y, Wong IY, Ting DSW, Tan GSW, Jonas JB, Sabanayagam C, Wong TY, Cheng CY. Global Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Projection of Burden through 2045: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2021 Nov;128(11):1580-1591. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.027. Epub 2021 May 1.
- Tan TE, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy: Looking forward to 2030. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 9;13:1077669. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1077669. eCollection 2022.
- GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Feb;9(2):e144-e160. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30489-7. Epub 2020 Dec 1.
- Gawecki M, Kicinski K, Bianco L, Battaglia Parodi M. Regression of Neovascularization after Panretinal Photocoagulation Combined with Anti-VEGF Injection for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 Dec 22;14(1):31. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14010031.
- Kumar CM. Orbital regional anesthesia: complications and their prevention. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun;54(2):77-84. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.25826.
- Schobel HP, Ringkamp M, Behrmann A, Forster C, Schmieder RE, Handwerker HO. Hemodynamic and sympathetic nerve responses to painful stimuli in normotensive and borderline hypertensive subjects. Pain. 1996 Aug;66(2-3):117-24. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(96)03079-5.
- McGrath PA. Psychological aspects of pain perception. Arch Oral Biol. 1994;39 Suppl:55S-62S. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)90189-9.
- Duker JS, Belmont JB, Benson WE, Brooks HL Jr, Brown GC, Federman JL, Fischer DH, Tasman WS. Inadvertent globe perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia. Patient characteristics, surgical management, and visual outcome. Ophthalmology. 1991 Apr;98(4):519-26. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(91)32262-0.
- Malik A, Fletcher EC, Chong V, Dasan J. Local anesthesia for cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010 Jan;36(1):133-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.10.025.
- Johari M, Moallem M, Amini A, Sanie-Jahromi F. Pain Management Strategies before Pan-Retinal Photocoagulation for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. J Ophthalmol. 2024 Aug 20;2024:6662736. doi: 10.1155/2024/6662736. eCollection 2024.
- Gonzalez VH, Wang PW, Ruiz CQ. Panretinal Photocoagulation for Diabetic Retinopathy in the RIDE and RISE Trials: Not "1 and Done". Ophthalmology. 2021 Oct;128(10):1448-1457. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.08.010. Epub 2019 Aug 21.
- Mafrici M, Fragiotta S, Tarsitano MG, Lorenzi U, Toscani L. Topical anesthesia versus topical and subconjunctival anesthesia combined in diabetic retinopathy photocoagulation. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2024 Mar;34(2):529-533. doi: 10.1177/11206721231199206. Epub 2023 Aug 31.
- Arruda MP, Hira S, Lima RV, Barbosa LIT, Zinher MT, Al-Sharif L, Leal Moreira JLM, Del Valle GS. Pharmacological therapy for relieving pain in panretinal photocoagulation: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Surv Ophthalmol. 2025 Jul-Aug;70(4):645-652. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2025.01.018. Epub 2025 Feb 5.
- Wang S, Hua R, Zhao Y, Liu L. Laser Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy: History, Mechanism, and Novel Technologies. J Clin Med. 2024 Sep 13;13(18):5439. doi: 10.3390/jcm13185439.
- Shahraki T, Arabi A, Nourinia R, Beheshtizadeh NF, Entezari M, Nikkhah H, Karimi S, Ramezani A. PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION VERSUS INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB VERSUS A PROPOSED MODIFIED COMBINATION THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A Randomized Three-Arm Clinical Trial (CTPDR Study). Retina. 2022 Jun 1;42(6):1065-1076. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000003450.
- Chaudhary S, Zaveri J, Becker N. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Dis Mon. 2021 May;67(5):101140. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101140. Epub 2021 Feb 3. No abstract available.
- Moshfeghi A, Garmo V, Sheinson D, Ghanekar A, Abbass I. Five-Year Patterns of Diabetic Retinopathy Progression in US Clinical Practice. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020 Oct 29;14:3651-3659. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S275968. eCollection 2020.
- Graue-Hernandez EO, Rivera-De-La-Parra D, Hernandez-Jimenez S, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Kershenobich-Stalnikowitz D, Jimenez-Corona A. Prevalence and associated risk factors of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema in patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2020 Mar 10;5(1):e000304. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2019-000304. eCollection 2020.
Studiare le date dei record
Queste date tengono traccia dell'avanzamento della registrazione dello studio e dell'invio dei risultati di sintesi a ClinicalTrials.gov. I record degli studi e i risultati riportati vengono esaminati dalla National Library of Medicine (NLM) per assicurarsi che soddisfino specifici standard di controllo della qualità prima di essere pubblicati sul sito Web pubblico.
Studia le date principali
Inizio studio (Effettivo)
6 luglio 2023
Completamento primario (Effettivo)
21 marzo 2024
Completamento dello studio (Effettivo)
21 giugno 2024
Date di iscrizione allo studio
Primo inviato
1 giugno 2026
Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità
8 giugno 2026
Primo Inserito (Effettivo)
10 giugno 2026
Aggiornamenti dei record di studio
Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)
10 giugno 2026
Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC
8 giugno 2026
Ultimo verificato
1 giugno 2026
Maggiori informazioni
Termini relativi a questo studio
Parole chiave
Termini MeSH pertinenti aggiuntivi
- Manifestazioni neurologiche
- Malattie del sistema nervoso
- Manifestazioni neurocomportamentali
- Disturbi percettivi
- Condizioni patologiche, segni e sintomi
- Segni e sintomi
- Agnosi
- Prodotti chimici organici
- Idrocarburi
- Idrocarburi, ciclici
- Acidi carbossilici
- Idrocarburi, aromatici
- Anilides
- Amides
- Composti di anilina
- Ammine
- Acetanilides
- Derivati di benzene
- Acidi, carbociclico
- para-aminobenzoati
- Aminobenzoati
- Benzoati
- Bupivacaina
- Lidocaina
- Tetracaina
Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio
- RET-PFC01
Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)
Hai intenzione di condividere i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)?
NO
Descrizione del piano IPD
De-identified participant data will be made available to qualified researchers upon request to the corresponding author.
Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio
Studia un prodotto farmaceutico regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti
No
Studia un dispositivo regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti
No
Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .