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Sports-Based Cognitive Game Program and Attention in Athletes

2026年8月3日 更新者:Hande Baba Kaya、Duzce University

The Effect of a Sports-Based Cognitive Game Development Program on Attention Level and Prefrontal EEG Theta/Beta Ratio

This study looked at whether a 12-week sports-based cognitive game program could improve attention and change brain activity in athletes. Ninety-five active athletes from Düzce University were randomly placed into two groups. One group (45 people) took part in a cognitive game program twice a week for 12 weeks, in addition to their regular sports training. Each session lasted 45 minutes and included games designed to build attention, reaction speed, decision-making, and multitasking skills. The other group (50 people) continued their usual sports training without any additional program.

Before and after the 12 weeks, all participants completed a paper-and-pencil attention test (the d2 Attention Test) and had a short, painless brain-wave recording (EEG) taken from the forehead area while sitting quietly with their eyes closed. The researchers compared how much each group's attention scores and brain-wave patterns changed over the 12 weeks.

The results showed that the group who took part in the cognitive game program improved significantly more in attention performance than the group who did not, and also showed a favorable change in their brain-wave pattern (a lower theta/beta ratio, which is linked to better attention control). The group that continued regular training without the program showed little change in either measure.

These findings suggest that adding structured, game-based cognitive training to regular sports training may offer additional benefits for attention and brain function beyond physical training alone.

調査の概要

状態

完了

条件

介入・治療

詳細な説明

This study used a pre-test-post-test, randomized controlled experimental design to examine the effects of a 12-week sports-based cognitive game development program on selective attention performance and prefrontal EEG theta/beta ratio (TBR) in active university athletes.

Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 45) or a control group (n = 50) using a computer-assisted random number table. Baseline equivalence between groups was confirmed for both outcome measures prior to the intervention (d2 TNE: t(93) = -0.514, p = .608; Fz theta/beta: t(93) = 1.128, p = .262).

The experimental group participated in a structured, five-stage sports-based cognitive game development program, delivered twice weekly for 12 weeks (24 sessions total, 45 minutes per session). The program followed a gradual cognitive load principle across five stages: (1) adaptation and basic cognitive infrastructure, (2) attention and reaction development, (3) decision-making and strategy, (4) concentration and multitasking performance, and (5) reinforcement and transfer to sport. Each session consisted of five fixed components: greeting and orientation (3 min), attention warm-up exercises (5 min), cognitive reaction games (15 min), strategy and decision-making games (15 min), and evaluation/closing (7 min). Sessions were delivered by a single PhD-level sport sciences researcher, and fidelity was monitored using structured session control forms.

The control group continued their regular sports training without any additional intervention during the 12-week period.

Outcome measures were collected at baseline and following the 12-week period:

  • Selective attention performance was assessed using the d2 Attention Test, with the Total Net Error (TNE) score as the primary behavioral outcome (TNE = TN - E2).
  • Prefrontal EEG theta (4-8 Hz) to beta (13-21 Hz) power ratio was recorded from the Fz electrode (International 10-20 system, linked-earlobe reference A1-A2) using a Nexus 10 Mk II neurofeedback device and BioTrace+ software, during a 10-minute eyes-closed resting condition (first and last 30 seconds discarded; minimum 8 minutes of artifact-free data required per participant).

The d2 Attention Test and EEG recording were conducted in separate sessions on the same day, in a fixed order (d2 test first, then EEG), separated by a minimum 30-minute rest interval, to control for order and fatigue effects.

Data were analyzed using 2 (Group: Experimental, Control) x 2 (Time: Pre-test, Post-test) mixed-design ANOVA, with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc comparisons (adjusted alpha = .0125) and Welch t-tests where variance homogeneity was violated. Gender was examined as a covariate using ANCOVA, given its known association with EEG frequency characteristics; gender did not significantly affect either outcome after controlling for pre-test scores.

Note: As data collection for this study was already complete at the time of registration, this is a retrospective trial registration.

研究の種類

介入

入学 (実際)

95

段階

  • 適用できない

連絡先と場所

このセクションには、調査を実施する担当者の連絡先の詳細と、この調査が実施されている場所に関する情報が記載されています。

研究場所

参加基準

研究者は、適格基準と呼ばれる特定の説明に適合する人を探します。これらの基準のいくつかの例は、人の一般的な健康状態または以前の治療です。

適格基準

就学可能な年齢

  • 大人

健康ボランティアの受け入れ

はい

説明

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Actively engaged in sports/regular athletic training
  • No neurological or psychiatric diagnosis in the past six months
  • Continuing a regular exercise program throughout the study period
  • Full participation in all intervention sessions (for experimental group) or willingness to continue regular sports training (for control group)
  • Aged 18-25 years
  • Voluntary participation with written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Neurological or psychiatric diagnosis within the past six months
  • Inability to attend the required number of sessions
  • Withdrawal of informed consent

研究計画

このセクションでは、研究がどのように設計され、研究が何を測定しているかなど、研究計画の詳細を提供します。

研究はどのように設計されていますか?

デザインの詳細

  • 主な目的:基礎科学
  • 割り当て:ランダム化
  • 介入モデル:並列代入
  • マスキング:なし(オープンラベル)

武器と介入

参加者グループ / アーム
介入・治療
実験的:Experimental Group
Participants received a 12-week sports-based cognitive game development program (24 sessions, twice weekly, 45 min/session) in addition to regular sports training.
A structured, five-stage sports-based cognitive game development program delivered twice weekly for 12 weeks (24 sessions total, 45 minutes per session), in addition to participants' regular sports training. The program followed a gradual cognitive load principle across five stages: (1) adaptation and basic cognitive infrastructure, (2) attention and reaction development, (3) decision-making and strategy, (4) concentration and multitasking performance, and (5) reinforcement and transfer to sport. Each session included five components: greeting and orientation (3 min), attention warm-up exercises (5 min), cognitive reaction games (15 min), strategy and decision-making games (15 min), and evaluation/closing (7 min). Sessions were delivered by a single PhD-level sport sciences researcher.
介入なし:Control Group
Participants continued their regular sports training without any additional intervention during the 12-week period.

この研究は何を測定していますか?

主要な結果の測定

結果測定
メジャーの説明
時間枠
d2 Attention Test Total Net Error (TNE) Score
時間枠:Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
Selective attention performance measured by the Total Net Error (TNE) score of the d2 Attention Test, calculated as TNE = TN (total correctly marked targets) - E2 (commission errors). Higher scores indicate better selective attention performance.
Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
Fz EEG Theta/Beta Ratio
時間枠:Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
Prefrontal EEG theta (4-8 Hz) to beta (13-21 Hz) power ratio, recorded from the Fz electrode using the Nexus 10 Mk II device during a 10-minute eyes-closed resting condition. Lower ratios indicate better attention regulation and prefrontal inhibitory capacity.
Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)

協力者と研究者

ここでは、この調査に関係する人々や組織を見つけることができます。

スポンサー

捜査官

  • 主任研究者:Yeşer Eroğlu Eskicioğlu, PhD、Düzce University

研究記録日

これらの日付は、ClinicalTrials.gov への研究記録と要約結果の提出の進捗状況を追跡します。研究記録と報告された結果は、国立医学図書館 (NLM) によって審査され、公開 Web サイトに掲載される前に、特定の品質管理基準を満たしていることが確認されます。

主要日程の研究

研究開始 (実際)

2026年2月1日

一次修了 (実際)

2026年4月30日

研究の完了 (実際)

2026年4月30日

試験登録日

最初に提出

2026年8月3日

QC基準を満たした最初の提出物

2026年8月3日

最初の投稿 (実際)

2026年8月6日

学習記録の更新

投稿された最後の更新 (実際)

2026年8月6日

QC基準を満たした最後の更新が送信されました

2026年8月3日

最終確認日

2026年8月1日

詳しくは

本研究に関する用語

その他の研究ID番号

  • E-78187535-050.04-426788

個々の参加者データ (IPD) の計画

個々の参加者データ (IPD) を共有する予定はありますか?

はい

IPD プランの説明

Individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification, will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author (yesereskicioglu@duzce.edu.tr). Data will be shared for purposes of independent verification and secondary analysis, beginning immediately following publication with no end date. Requests should include a methodologically sound proposal.

IPD 共有時間枠

Data will be made available beginning immediately following publication of the article, with no end date. There are no restrictions on the type of analyses for which data may be requested, provided the request includes a methodologically sound proposal and is directed to the corresponding author.

IPD 共有アクセス基準

Data requests will be reviewed by the corresponding author. Access will be granted to qualified researchers who submit a methodologically sound proposal describing the intended use of the data. Requestors should contact the corresponding author (yesereskicioglu@duzce.edu.tr) with a written request outlining the research question and analysis plan. De-identified individual participant data will be shared via secure electronic transfer following approval of the request.

IPD 共有サポート情報タイプ

  • STUDY_PROTOCOL

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