Sports-Based Cognitive Game Program and Attention in Athletes
The Effect of a Sports-Based Cognitive Game Development Program on Attention Level and Prefrontal EEG Theta/Beta Ratio
This study looked at whether a 12-week sports-based cognitive game program could improve attention and change brain activity in athletes. Ninety-five active athletes from Düzce University were randomly placed into two groups. One group (45 people) took part in a cognitive game program twice a week for 12 weeks, in addition to their regular sports training. Each session lasted 45 minutes and included games designed to build attention, reaction speed, decision-making, and multitasking skills. The other group (50 people) continued their usual sports training without any additional program.
Before and after the 12 weeks, all participants completed a paper-and-pencil attention test (the d2 Attention Test) and had a short, painless brain-wave recording (EEG) taken from the forehead area while sitting quietly with their eyes closed. The researchers compared how much each group's attention scores and brain-wave patterns changed over the 12 weeks.
The results showed that the group who took part in the cognitive game program improved significantly more in attention performance than the group who did not, and also showed a favorable change in their brain-wave pattern (a lower theta/beta ratio, which is linked to better attention control). The group that continued regular training without the program showed little change in either measure.
These findings suggest that adding structured, game-based cognitive training to regular sports training may offer additional benefits for attention and brain function beyond physical training alone.
Studieoversigt
Status
Status
Betingelser
Betingelser
Intervention / Behandling
Intervention / Behandling
Detaljeret beskrivelse
This study used a pre-test-post-test, randomized controlled experimental design to examine the effects of a 12-week sports-based cognitive game development program on selective attention performance and prefrontal EEG theta/beta ratio (TBR) in active university athletes.
Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 45) or a control group (n = 50) using a computer-assisted random number table. Baseline equivalence between groups was confirmed for both outcome measures prior to the intervention (d2 TNE: t(93) = -0.514, p = .608; Fz theta/beta: t(93) = 1.128, p = .262).
The experimental group participated in a structured, five-stage sports-based cognitive game development program, delivered twice weekly for 12 weeks (24 sessions total, 45 minutes per session). The program followed a gradual cognitive load principle across five stages: (1) adaptation and basic cognitive infrastructure, (2) attention and reaction development, (3) decision-making and strategy, (4) concentration and multitasking performance, and (5) reinforcement and transfer to sport. Each session consisted of five fixed components: greeting and orientation (3 min), attention warm-up exercises (5 min), cognitive reaction games (15 min), strategy and decision-making games (15 min), and evaluation/closing (7 min). Sessions were delivered by a single PhD-level sport sciences researcher, and fidelity was monitored using structured session control forms.
The control group continued their regular sports training without any additional intervention during the 12-week period.
Outcome measures were collected at baseline and following the 12-week period:
- Selective attention performance was assessed using the d2 Attention Test, with the Total Net Error (TNE) score as the primary behavioral outcome (TNE = TN - E2).
- Prefrontal EEG theta (4-8 Hz) to beta (13-21 Hz) power ratio was recorded from the Fz electrode (International 10-20 system, linked-earlobe reference A1-A2) using a Nexus 10 Mk II neurofeedback device and BioTrace+ software, during a 10-minute eyes-closed resting condition (first and last 30 seconds discarded; minimum 8 minutes of artifact-free data required per participant).
The d2 Attention Test and EEG recording were conducted in separate sessions on the same day, in a fixed order (d2 test first, then EEG), separated by a minimum 30-minute rest interval, to control for order and fatigue effects.
Data were analyzed using 2 (Group: Experimental, Control) x 2 (Time: Pre-test, Post-test) mixed-design ANOVA, with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc comparisons (adjusted alpha = .0125) and Welch t-tests where variance homogeneity was violated. Gender was examined as a covariate using ANCOVA, given its known association with EEG frequency characteristics; gender did not significantly affect either outcome after controlling for pre-test scores.
Note: As data collection for this study was already complete at the time of registration, this is a retrospective trial registration.
Undersøgelsestype
Undersøgelsestype
Tilmelding (Faktiske)
Tilmelding
Fase
Fase
- Ikke anvendelig
Kontakter og lokationer
Studiesteder
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Düzce, Tyrkiet (Türkiye), 81620
- Duzce University, Faculty of Sport Sciences
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Deltagelseskriterier
Berettigelseskriterier
Berettigelseskriterier
Aldre berettiget til at studere
- Voksen
Tager imod sunde frivillige
Beskrivelse
Inclusion Criteria:
- Actively engaged in sports/regular athletic training
- No neurological or psychiatric diagnosis in the past six months
- Continuing a regular exercise program throughout the study period
- Full participation in all intervention sessions (for experimental group) or willingness to continue regular sports training (for control group)
- Aged 18-25 years
- Voluntary participation with written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
- Neurological or psychiatric diagnosis within the past six months
- Inability to attend the required number of sessions
- Withdrawal of informed consent
Studieplan
Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?
Design detaljer
- Primært formål: Grundvidenskab
- Tildeling: Randomiseret
- Interventionel model: Parallel tildeling
- Maskning: Ingen (Åben etiket)
Antal våben
Våben og indgreb
Deltagergruppe / ArmDeltagergruppe / Arm |
Intervention / BehandlingIntervention / Behandling |
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Eksperimentel: Experimental Group
Participants received a 12-week sports-based cognitive game development program (24 sessions, twice weekly, 45 min/session) in addition to regular sports training.
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A structured, five-stage sports-based cognitive game development program delivered twice weekly for 12 weeks (24 sessions total, 45 minutes per session), in addition to participants' regular sports training.
The program followed a gradual cognitive load principle across five stages: (1) adaptation and basic cognitive infrastructure, (2) attention and reaction development, (3) decision-making and strategy, (4) concentration and multitasking performance, and (5) reinforcement and transfer to sport.
Each session included five components: greeting and orientation (3 min), attention warm-up exercises (5 min), cognitive reaction games (15 min), strategy and decision-making games (15 min), and evaluation/closing (7 min).
Sessions were delivered by a single PhD-level sport sciences researcher.
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Ingen indgriben: Control Group
Participants continued their regular sports training without any additional intervention during the 12-week period.
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Hvad måler undersøgelsen?
Primære resultatmål
Primære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
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d2 Attention Test Total Net Error (TNE) Score
Tidsramme: Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
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Selective attention performance measured by the Total Net Error (TNE) score of the d2 Attention Test, calculated as TNE = TN (total correctly marked targets) - E2 (commission errors).
Higher scores indicate better selective attention performance.
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Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
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Fz EEG Theta/Beta Ratio
Tidsramme: Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
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Prefrontal EEG theta (4-8 Hz) to beta (13-21 Hz) power ratio, recorded from the Fz electrode using the Nexus 10 Mk II device during a 10-minute eyes-closed resting condition.
Lower ratios indicate better attention regulation and prefrontal inhibitory capacity.
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Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
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Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere
Sponsor
Sponsor
Efterforskere
Efterforskere
- Ledende efterforsker: Yeşer Eroğlu Eskicioğlu, PhD, Düzce University
Datoer for undersøgelser
Studer store datoer
Studiestart (Faktiske)
Studiestart
Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)
Primær færdiggørelse
Studieafslutning (Faktiske)
Studieafslutning
Datoer for studieregistrering
Først indsendt
Først indsendt
Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier
Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier
Først opslået (Faktiske)
Først opslået
Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler
Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)
Sidste opdatering sendt
Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier
Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier
Sidst verificeret
Sidst verificeret
Mere information
Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse
Andre undersøgelses-id-numre
Andre undersøgelses-id-numre
- E-78187535-050.04-426788
Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)
Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?
IPD-planbeskrivelse
IPD-delingstidsramme
IPD-delingsadgangskriterier
IPD-deling Understøttende informationstype
- STUDY_PROTOCOL
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