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Sports-Based Cognitive Game Program and Attention in Athletes

3. August 2026 aktualisiert von: Hande Baba Kaya, Duzce University

The Effect of a Sports-Based Cognitive Game Development Program on Attention Level and Prefrontal EEG Theta/Beta Ratio

This study looked at whether a 12-week sports-based cognitive game program could improve attention and change brain activity in athletes. Ninety-five active athletes from Düzce University were randomly placed into two groups. One group (45 people) took part in a cognitive game program twice a week for 12 weeks, in addition to their regular sports training. Each session lasted 45 minutes and included games designed to build attention, reaction speed, decision-making, and multitasking skills. The other group (50 people) continued their usual sports training without any additional program.

Before and after the 12 weeks, all participants completed a paper-and-pencil attention test (the d2 Attention Test) and had a short, painless brain-wave recording (EEG) taken from the forehead area while sitting quietly with their eyes closed. The researchers compared how much each group's attention scores and brain-wave patterns changed over the 12 weeks.

The results showed that the group who took part in the cognitive game program improved significantly more in attention performance than the group who did not, and also showed a favorable change in their brain-wave pattern (a lower theta/beta ratio, which is linked to better attention control). The group that continued regular training without the program showed little change in either measure.

These findings suggest that adding structured, game-based cognitive training to regular sports training may offer additional benefits for attention and brain function beyond physical training alone.

Studienübersicht

Status

Abgeschlossen

Bedingungen

Intervention / Behandlung

Detaillierte Beschreibung

This study used a pre-test-post-test, randomized controlled experimental design to examine the effects of a 12-week sports-based cognitive game development program on selective attention performance and prefrontal EEG theta/beta ratio (TBR) in active university athletes.

Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 45) or a control group (n = 50) using a computer-assisted random number table. Baseline equivalence between groups was confirmed for both outcome measures prior to the intervention (d2 TNE: t(93) = -0.514, p = .608; Fz theta/beta: t(93) = 1.128, p = .262).

The experimental group participated in a structured, five-stage sports-based cognitive game development program, delivered twice weekly for 12 weeks (24 sessions total, 45 minutes per session). The program followed a gradual cognitive load principle across five stages: (1) adaptation and basic cognitive infrastructure, (2) attention and reaction development, (3) decision-making and strategy, (4) concentration and multitasking performance, and (5) reinforcement and transfer to sport. Each session consisted of five fixed components: greeting and orientation (3 min), attention warm-up exercises (5 min), cognitive reaction games (15 min), strategy and decision-making games (15 min), and evaluation/closing (7 min). Sessions were delivered by a single PhD-level sport sciences researcher, and fidelity was monitored using structured session control forms.

The control group continued their regular sports training without any additional intervention during the 12-week period.

Outcome measures were collected at baseline and following the 12-week period:

  • Selective attention performance was assessed using the d2 Attention Test, with the Total Net Error (TNE) score as the primary behavioral outcome (TNE = TN - E2).
  • Prefrontal EEG theta (4-8 Hz) to beta (13-21 Hz) power ratio was recorded from the Fz electrode (International 10-20 system, linked-earlobe reference A1-A2) using a Nexus 10 Mk II neurofeedback device and BioTrace+ software, during a 10-minute eyes-closed resting condition (first and last 30 seconds discarded; minimum 8 minutes of artifact-free data required per participant).

The d2 Attention Test and EEG recording were conducted in separate sessions on the same day, in a fixed order (d2 test first, then EEG), separated by a minimum 30-minute rest interval, to control for order and fatigue effects.

Data were analyzed using 2 (Group: Experimental, Control) x 2 (Time: Pre-test, Post-test) mixed-design ANOVA, with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc comparisons (adjusted alpha = .0125) and Welch t-tests where variance homogeneity was violated. Gender was examined as a covariate using ANCOVA, given its known association with EEG frequency characteristics; gender did not significantly affect either outcome after controlling for pre-test scores.

Note: As data collection for this study was already complete at the time of registration, this is a retrospective trial registration.

Studientyp

Interventionell

Einschreibung (Tatsächlich)

95

Phase

  • Unzutreffend

Kontakte und Standorte

Dieser Abschnitt enthält die Kontaktdaten derjenigen, die die Studie durchführen, und Informationen darüber, wo diese Studie durchgeführt wird.

Studienorte

      • Düzce, Türkei (türkiye), 81620
        • Duzce University, Faculty of Sport Sciences

Teilnahmekriterien

Forscher suchen nach Personen, die einer bestimmten Beschreibung entsprechen, die als Auswahlkriterien bezeichnet werden. Einige Beispiele für diese Kriterien sind der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand einer Person oder frühere Behandlungen.

Zulassungskriterien

Studienberechtigtes Alter

  • Erwachsene

Akzeptiert gesunde Freiwillige

Ja

Beschreibung

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Actively engaged in sports/regular athletic training
  • No neurological or psychiatric diagnosis in the past six months
  • Continuing a regular exercise program throughout the study period
  • Full participation in all intervention sessions (for experimental group) or willingness to continue regular sports training (for control group)
  • Aged 18-25 years
  • Voluntary participation with written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Neurological or psychiatric diagnosis within the past six months
  • Inability to attend the required number of sessions
  • Withdrawal of informed consent

Studienplan

Dieser Abschnitt enthält Einzelheiten zum Studienplan, einschließlich des Studiendesigns und der Messung der Studieninhalte.

Wie ist die Studie aufgebaut?

Designdetails

  • Hauptzweck: Grundlegende Wissenschaft
  • Zuteilung: Zufällig
  • Interventionsmodell: Parallele Zuordnung
  • Maskierung: Keine (Offenes Etikett)

Waffen und Interventionen

Teilnehmergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandlung
Experimental: Experimental Group
Participants received a 12-week sports-based cognitive game development program (24 sessions, twice weekly, 45 min/session) in addition to regular sports training.
A structured, five-stage sports-based cognitive game development program delivered twice weekly for 12 weeks (24 sessions total, 45 minutes per session), in addition to participants' regular sports training. The program followed a gradual cognitive load principle across five stages: (1) adaptation and basic cognitive infrastructure, (2) attention and reaction development, (3) decision-making and strategy, (4) concentration and multitasking performance, and (5) reinforcement and transfer to sport. Each session included five components: greeting and orientation (3 min), attention warm-up exercises (5 min), cognitive reaction games (15 min), strategy and decision-making games (15 min), and evaluation/closing (7 min). Sessions were delivered by a single PhD-level sport sciences researcher.
Kein Eingriff: Control Group
Participants continued their regular sports training without any additional intervention during the 12-week period.

Was misst die Studie?

Primäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
d2 Attention Test Total Net Error (TNE) Score
Zeitfenster: Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
Selective attention performance measured by the Total Net Error (TNE) score of the d2 Attention Test, calculated as TNE = TN (total correctly marked targets) - E2 (commission errors). Higher scores indicate better selective attention performance.
Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
Fz EEG Theta/Beta Ratio
Zeitfenster: Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)
Prefrontal EEG theta (4-8 Hz) to beta (13-21 Hz) power ratio, recorded from the Fz electrode using the Nexus 10 Mk II device during a 10-minute eyes-closed resting condition. Lower ratios indicate better attention regulation and prefrontal inhibitory capacity.
Baseline (pre-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test)

Mitarbeiter und Ermittler

Hier finden Sie Personen und Organisationen, die an dieser Studie beteiligt sind.

Sponsor

Ermittler

  • Hauptermittler: Yeşer Eroğlu Eskicioğlu, PhD, Düzce University

Studienaufzeichnungsdaten

Diese Daten verfolgen den Fortschritt der Übermittlung von Studienaufzeichnungen und zusammenfassenden Ergebnissen an ClinicalTrials.gov. Studienaufzeichnungen und gemeldete Ergebnisse werden von der National Library of Medicine (NLM) überprüft, um sicherzustellen, dass sie bestimmten Qualitätskontrollstandards entsprechen, bevor sie auf der öffentlichen Website veröffentlicht werden.

Haupttermine studieren

Studienbeginn (Tatsächlich)

1. Februar 2026

Primärer Abschluss (Tatsächlich)

30. April 2026

Studienabschluss (Tatsächlich)

30. April 2026

Studienanmeldedaten

Zuerst eingereicht

3. August 2026

Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat

3. August 2026

Zuerst gepostet (Tatsächlich)

6. August 2026

Studienaufzeichnungsaktualisierungen

Letztes Update gepostet (Tatsächlich)

6. August 2026

Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt

3. August 2026

Zuletzt verifiziert

1. August 2026

Mehr Informationen

Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie

Andere Studien-ID-Nummern

  • E-78187535-050.04-426788

Plan für individuelle Teilnehmerdaten (IPD)

Planen Sie, individuelle Teilnehmerdaten (IPD) zu teilen?

JA

Beschreibung des IPD-Plans

Individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification, will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author (yesereskicioglu@duzce.edu.tr). Data will be shared for purposes of independent verification and secondary analysis, beginning immediately following publication with no end date. Requests should include a methodologically sound proposal.

IPD-Sharing-Zeitrahmen

Data will be made available beginning immediately following publication of the article, with no end date. There are no restrictions on the type of analyses for which data may be requested, provided the request includes a methodologically sound proposal and is directed to the corresponding author.

IPD-Sharing-Zugriffskriterien

Data requests will be reviewed by the corresponding author. Access will be granted to qualified researchers who submit a methodologically sound proposal describing the intended use of the data. Requestors should contact the corresponding author (yesereskicioglu@duzce.edu.tr) with a written request outlining the research question and analysis plan. De-identified individual participant data will be shared via secure electronic transfer following approval of the request.

Art der unterstützenden IPD-Freigabeinformationen

  • STUDIENPROTOKOLL

Arzneimittel- und Geräteinformationen, Studienunterlagen

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Arzneimittelprodukt

Nein

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Geräteprodukt

Nein

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