The Effect of Pre-Breastfeeding Breathing Exercises on Maternal Anxiety, Well-being, and Infant Stress in Mothers Whose Infants Are in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
The Effect of Pre-Breastfeeding Breathing Exercises on Maternal Anxiety, Well-being, and Infant Stress in Mothers Whose Infants Are in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Radicalized Controlled Study
Aim: This study was conducted to examine the effects of breathing exercises on maternal anxiety, well-being, and infant stress.
Materials and Methods: The research was initiated in a hospital in eastern Turkey between November 2024 and November 2026, after obtaining ethical committee and institutional approvals. The study population consisted of mothers whose babies were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of that hospital.The generally available G*Power 3.1.9.7 for Windows software was used to calculate the sample size. Similar literature studies were referenced when determining the sample size of the research (Shamsdanesh et al., 2023). Furthermore, after the research is completed, a post-hoc power analysis will be performed on the main dependent variable, maternal anxiety level (MAL), to determine the power of the study (approximately 35 experimental, 35 control). The aim of the research is to ensure that the resulting sample size has sufficient statistical power to reveal the effect being examined. The research data is collected using a Demographic Information Form, prepared by the researcher through a literature review, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Psychological Well-being Scale, and the Neonatal Stress Scale. Mothers perform this exercise three times a day for two days (days 1 and 2), under the supervision of a researcher. The four-square breathing exercise is a non-pharmacological pain reliever that has been shown to be beneficial in conditions other than pain. Each breathing exercise lasts 5-10 minutes. Mothers in the experimental group are given a questionnaire before the start of the study and after the exercise on days 1 and 2. Mothers in the control group are given only a questionnaire before the start of the study, at the end of day 1, and at the end of day 2. Mothers in the control group do not perform the four-square breathing exercise and receive routine hospital care. At the end of both days, mothers in the control group who wish to practice the breathing exercise are given the opportunity to do so.
Studieoversikt
Status
Status
Forhold
Forhold
Intervensjon / Behandling
Intervensjon / Behandling
Detaljert beskrivelse
Studietype
Studietype
Registrering (Antatt)
Registrering
Fase
Fase
- Ikke aktuelt
Kontakter og plasseringer
Studiekontakt
Studiekontakt
- Navn: Sümeyye Barut, PhD
- Telefonnummer: +905386188863
- E-post: smyybrt2344@hotmail.com
Studer Kontakt Backup
- Navn: Sümeyye Barut
- Telefonnummer: 05386188863
- E-post: sbarut@firat.edu.tr
Studiesteder
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Elâzığ
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Elâzığ, Elâzığ, Tyrkia (Türkiye), 23119
- Rekruttering
- Fırat University
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Ta kontakt med:
- Sümeyye Barut
- Telefonnummer: 05386188863
- E-post: sbarut@firat.edu.tr
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Ta kontakt med:
- Sümeyye Barut
- Telefonnummer: 05386188863
- E-post: smyybrt2344@hotmail.com
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-
Deltakelseskriterier
Kvalifikasjonskriterier
Kvalifikasjonskriterier
Alder som er kvalifisert for studier
- Voksen
- Eldre voksen
Tar imot friske frivillige
Beskrivelse
Inclusion Criteria:
- Ability to communicate verbally,
- Being 18 years of age or older,
- Having a baby in the neonatal intensive care unit,
- Breastfeeding.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Having a psychiatric diagnosis according to medical records,
- The mother having a definite health problem in the postpartum period that prevents breastfeeding (heart disease, etc.),
- The study being terminated due to the newborn being discharged from the hospital,
- Incomplete data collection.
Studieplan
Hvordan er studiet utformet?
Designdetaljer
- Primært formål: Helsetjenesteforskning
- Tildeling: Randomisert
- Intervensjonsmodell: Crossover-oppdrag
- Masking: Enkelt
Antall våpen
Våpen og intervensjoner
Deltakergruppe / ArmDeltakergruppe / Arm |
Intervensjon / BehandlingIntervensjon / Behandling |
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Eksperimentell: Experimental
The researcher explains to the experimental group in a simple way how to perform the four-square breathing exercise.
The researcher instructs the mothers in the study group to inhale to the count of four, hold the air in their lungs to the count of four, then exhale to the count of four, and finally empty their lungs to the count of four.
The mothers perform this exercise three times a day for two days (days 1 and 2), under the supervision of the researcher.
The four-square breathing exercise is a non-pharmacological analgesic that has been shown to be beneficial in conditions other than pain (Ahmed et al., 2022).
Each breathing exercise lasts 5-10 minutes.
A questionnaire is administered to the mothers in the experimental group before the start of the study and after the exercise on days 1 and 2.
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The mothers in the study group were instructed to inhale up to four times, hold their lungs for four counts, then exhale up to four counts, and finally empty their lungs up to four counts.
It has been shown to be a non-pharmacological pain reliever that is also beneficial in conditions other than pain, such as anxiety, stress, and mental health.
Andre navn:
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Ingen inngripen: Control
No intervention is being made to the control group.
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Hva måler studien?
Primære resultatmål
Primære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
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State and Trait Anxiety Inventory
Tidsramme: Change in situational and trait anxiety scores at the end of day 1 and day 2.
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Developed to assess individuals' immediate anxiety levels and persistent anxiety tendencies, this scale consists of 40 items and has two sub-dimensions: state and trait anxiety.
The total score obtainable from both subscales ranges from 20 to 80 points.
Higher scores indicate high levels of anxiety, while lower scores indicate low levels of anxiety.
The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the trait anxiety scale are reported to be between 0.71 and 0.86, and for the state anxiety scale between 0.26 and 0.68 (Öner and Le Compte, 1983).
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Change in situational and trait anxiety scores at the end of day 1 and day 2.
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Sekundære resultatmål
Sekundære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
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Psychological Well-being Scale
Tidsramme: Change in situational and trait anxiety scores at the end of day 1 and day 2. in Psychological Well-being scores at the end of Day 1 and Day 2.
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The Psychological Well-being Scale was developed by Diener et al. (2009) to assess individuals' levels of psychological functioning.
The scale consists of eight items, with a possible total score ranging from 8 to 56.
A higher total score indicates better psychological resources and strengths.
The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale is reported to be between 0.61 and 0.77.
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Change in situational and trait anxiety scores at the end of day 1 and day 2. in Psychological Well-being scores at the end of Day 1 and Day 2.
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Neonatal Stress Scale
Tidsramme: Change in situational and trait anxiety scores at the end of day 1 and day 2. in newborn stress scale scores at the end of the 1st and 2nd day.
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The Neonatal Stress Scale was developed by Ceylan and Bolışık (2017) to assess stress levels in premature infants.
The scale consists of eight sub-dimensions: facial expression, body color, respiration, activity level, soothing ability, muscle tone, extremities, and posture.
Structured using a three-point Likert scale, it contains a total of 24 items.
Each sub-dimension is scored between 0 and 2 points.
The lowest possible score is 0, and the highest is 16.
An increase in the total score indicates a higher stress level in the newborn.
Reliability analyses of the scale revealed Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.65 to 0.81 for Observer 1 and from 0.69 to 0.78 for Observer 2 (Ceylan and Bolışık, 2017).
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Change in situational and trait anxiety scores at the end of day 1 and day 2. in newborn stress scale scores at the end of the 1st and 2nd day.
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Samarbeidspartnere og etterforskere
Sponsor
Sponsor
Etterforskere
Etterforskere
- Hovedetterforsker: Sümeyye Barut, Firat University
Studierekorddatoer
Studer hoveddatoer
Studiestart (Faktiske)
Studiestart
Primær fullføring (Antatt)
Primær fullføring
Studiet fullført (Antatt)
Studiet fullført
Datoer for studieregistrering
Først innsendt
Først innsendt
Først innsendt som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
Først innsendt som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
Først lagt ut (Faktiske)
Først lagt ut
Oppdateringer av studieposter
Sist oppdatering lagt ut (Faktiske)
Sist oppdatering lagt ut
Siste oppdatering sendt inn som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
Siste oppdatering sendt inn som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
Sist bekreftet
Sist bekreftet
Mer informasjon
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Ytterligere relevante MeSH-vilkår
Andre studie-ID-numre
Andre studie-ID-numre
- 2024/13-09
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