实时运动捕获和截肢步态训练的视觉反馈

The VF group, the 2D motion capture and visual feedback training group, received an intervention consisting of 10 minutes of strength training followed by 30 minutes of visual feedback gait training using the 2DMV system.

The difference between the VF group and the PT group lies in the use of real-time visual feedback during gait training; the VF group receives real-time visual feedback, while the PT group undergoes gait training without visual feedback.

The PT group, the conventional physical therapy group, received an intervention consisting of 10 minutes of strength training followed by 30 minutes of gait training without the use of the 2DMV system for visual feedback. During gait training, the therapist provided standard gait correction feedback typically used in conventional physical therapy.

Ten minutes of strength training followed by thirty minutes of gait training, during which the 2DMV system is not used to provide visual feedback. During the gait training, the therapist provides gait correction feedback typically used in conventional physical therapy.

Step width ratio is calculated by dividing step width by pelvis width (step width/pelvis width), and the normal range is between 0.4 to 1.1.

Step length ratio is calculated by dividing the step length of the amputated limb by the step length of the non-amputated limb (a value closer to 1 indicate more symmetry, the step length of amputated limb is calculated as the distance between the heel of the non-amputated limb when initial contact and the heel of the amputated limb when initial contact; the step length of non-amputated limb is calculated as the distance between the heel of the amputated limb when initial contact and the heel of the non-amputated limb when initial contact)

Stride time ratio is calculated by dividing the stride time of the amputated limb by the stride time of the non-amputated limb (a value closer to 1 indicates more symmetry, the stride time of the amputated limb is calculated as the time from initial contact of the amputated limb to next initial contact of the same limb; the stride time of the non-amputated limb is calculated as the time from initial contact of the non-amputated limb to next initial contact of the same limb).

Stance time ratio is calculated by dividing the stance time of the amputated limb by the stance time of the non-amputated limb (a value closer to 1 indicates more symmetry, the stance time is calculated from initial contact to toe off of the same limb).

Swing time ratio is calculated by dividing the swing time of the amputated limb by the swing time of the non-amputated limb (a value closer to 1 indicates more symmetry, the swing time is calculated from toe off to initial contact of the same limb).

The hip extension angle is measured in the sagittal plane during terminal stance.

The hip flexion angle is measured in the sagittal plane at the maximum angle of hip flexion during the swing phase.

The trunk extension and flexion angle is measured in the sagittal plane at the initial contact and terminal stance.

The hip adduction and abduction angle is measured in the coronal plane at the maximum angle of hip adduction or abduction angle during the swing phase.

The horizontal pelvis tilt angle is measured in the coronal plane at the maximum pelvis tilt angle during single-leg stance.

The trunk lateral flexion angle is measured in the coronal plane during midstance.

The participant will first be instructed to sit on a chair with a backrest. When the assessor says 'go,' the participant will stand up, walk forward, circle around a cone, return to the chair, and sit down, all at a self-selected speed. The assessor will time the duration of the entire process. The timing of the Component Timed-Up-and-Go test will be divided into five components: standing up, walking forward, circling around the cone, walking back to the chair, and sitting down. Time will be measured in seconds.

Gait speed will be measured by the assessor with a timer. The participant will be instructed to walk 5 meters at a self-selected speed. The first and last 1 meter will serve as the acceleration and deceleration phases, while the gait speed in middle 3 meters will be measured. Time will be measured in seconds.

The Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale is a self-reported questionnaire used to assess balance confidence. Scores range from 0% to 100%, with higher scores indicating greater confidence. The scale consists of 16 items in total.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index is a self-repoted scale, totally has 6 items, including mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration. The score will recorded as 0 to 100, with the higher score indicating higher work load.