根管治疗疗程时长

在直视下接受治疗的患者

仅通过直接目视检查，在不使用放大设备的情况下进行上颌第一磨牙根管治疗。

使用牙科放大镜治疗的患者

使用5倍放大牙科放大镜进行上颌第一磨牙的根管治疗。

使用牙科手术显微镜治疗的患者

使用牙科手术显微镜在8×-16×放大倍数下进行的上颌第一磨牙根管治疗。

Duration of Each Procedural Step in Endodontic Treatment

The duration (in seconds) of each of seven key procedural stages performed during routine root canal treatment on maxillary first molar teeth:

1. Access cavity preparation
2. Working length determination
3. Canal shaping
4. MB2 canal detection and shaping
5. Final irrigation and passive ultrasonic activation
6. Root canal obturation
7. Coronal Restoration

The duration of each stage was recorded separately. In addition, the sum of the durations of these seven stages was recorded as the total treatment time.

Each stage was timed separately for three groups (direct vision, dental loupes, and dental operating microscope) to compare the effect of different magnification techniques on working efficiency.

Presence of MB2 Canal According to Magnification Technique

The presence or absence of a second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal in maxillary first molar teeth will be recorded for each magnification group (direct vision, dental loupes, and dental operating microscope). The association between the magnification method and MB2 canal detection will be evaluated using the Chi-square test (Monte Carlo simulation).