ESWL患者的结构化患者教育 (ESWL-VAS-STAI)

无干预：Control Group - Standard Patient Information

Patients in the control group received routine care in accordance with the institution's ESWL procedures. Standard pre-procedure information, including brief verbal instructions, was provided by clinical staff. Control group participants were provided with educational materials after the study was completed for ethical reasons.

实验性的：Intervention Group - Nurse-Led Structured Patient Education

A structured patient education program led by nurses was implemented for patients in the intervention group, covering the period before and after the ESWL procedure. The education program was prepared in line with current scientific studies related to the urolithiasis guidelines published by the European Association of Urology and the American Urological Association.The content validity of the educational materials was assessed by expert opinion. The draft modules prepared in this context were presented to a five-member expert panel comprising two urology nurses, a surgical nursing academic, a nurse with experience in patient education, and a urology specialist. Each expert was asked to evaluate each module using a 4-point rating system for content appropriateness, scientific accuracy, comprehensibility, and clinical applicability.

其他：Intervention Group

Training program content

• Introduction to the ESWL procedure
• Pre-procedure preparation process
• Experiences that may occur during the procedure
• Pain management and relaxation strategies
• Complication management
• Stone fragment passage process
• Fluid intake and mobilization
• Prevention of recurrence

Primary Outcome:

One of the methods used to assess anxiety level, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), was developed by Spielberger in 1983 and adapted into Turkish by Öner and Le Compte. The STAI consists of two subscales, each with 20 items, that assess state and trait anxiety levels. All items on the scale are four-point Likert-type. Total scores on the scale range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher anxiety levels.

The Short Form-12 (SF-12) Health Status Questionnaire, used to assess quality of life, was developed by Ware and colleagues as part of the Medical Outcomes Study. The scale consists of two summary components: physical and mental health . Total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Soylu and Kütük.

Secondary Outcome:

Pain level was determined as the secondary outcome variable. Pain intensity was assessed using the VAS, a valid and reliable measurement tool. The scale consists of a 10 cm horizontal line, where 0 indicates "no pain," and 10 indicates "unbearable pain." Pain measurements were taken before the procedure, after the procedure, and at 4 weeks post-discharge.