Use of Continuous Glucose Sensors by Adolescents With Inadequate Diabetic Control (CGM-Teens)

August 8, 2018 updated by: Timothy Wysocki, Nemours Children's Clinic
The incorporation of continuous glucose sensors (CGS) into management of type 1 diabetes in adolescence could improve treatment outcomes. But, behavioral barriers may prevent adolescents from enjoying optimal benefits from this new technology. This study will randomize adolescents (11 to not yet 17 years old) with type 1 diabetes for at least 2 years who are not achieving targeted HbA1c levels (> 7.5%) to continue in standard care (SC), to add continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to their care with appropriate education and medical management (CGS) or to add CGM to their care as above but to also receive support and assistance from a behavior therapist who will assist the patient and family in optimizing the adolescents' therapeutic benefit from CGS (CGS+BT). A variety of outcomes will be measured, including blood glucose control, quality of life, and CGS satisfaction and impact. An enrollment criterion for this study is that the adolescent must have established consistent care for type 1 diabetes at a Nemours Children's Clinic location either in Wilmington, DE, Philadelphia, PA, Orlando, FL or Pensacola, FL for at least 12 months prior to enrollment in the study. Adolescents treated elsewhere are not eligible to enroll in the study.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in adolescents is very difficult and innovative approaches are needed to help them achieve better glycemic control and behavioral outcomes. Continuous glucose sensors (CGS) have been refined progressively and provide acceptably accurate, nearly continuous estimates of glucose levels and trends. This increased quality and quantity of glucose data could be an excellent adjunct to conventional self-monitoring of blood glucose, permitting more informed diabetes decision-making. CGS could yield medical, educational and psychological benefits for adolescents with T1DM, but those with extremely variable self-management habits and suboptimal glycemic control may not realize these benefits readily. We hypothesize that a targeted, family-focused behavioral intervention could optimize benefit from adding CGS to T1DM therapy for youths with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) > 7.5%. A multi-site sample of 150 adolescents with T1DM and HbA1C of 7.5% to 10.0% will be randomized to either Standard Care for T1DM (SC), or to augmentation of SC with 9 months' use of a CGS device (CGS) or use of a CGS device supplemented with a targeted behavior therapy intervention (CGS+BT). Multiple measures of glycemic control, glycemic variability and health care use will be obtained during the study and there will be periodic assessments of demographic factors, diabetes self-management, family relations and psychological adjustment. Three specific aims will be addressed: 1. Evaluate whether CGS+BT yields more improvement in glycemic outcomes than CGS or SC; 2. Evaluate whether CGS+BT yields more improvement in behavioral outcomes than CGS or SC; and 3. Identify behavioral variables that mediate and moderate glycemic benefit from use of the CGS device. The study will also compare the cost effectiveness of CGS and CGS+BT relative to SC and evaluate the predictive utility of various indices of glycemic variability in youths. We hypothesize that, compared with SC and CGS, CGS+BT will yield significantly better biomedical outcomes (HbA1C; severe hypoglycemia; glycemic variability; proportion of glucose readings in the normal range) and behavioral outcomes (treatment adherence; parent adolescent teamwork; diabetes-related family conflict; quality of life; fear of hypoglycemia; and treatment satisfaction). After the 9 month randomized trial, all youths will be allowed to use the CGS device during an additional 3-month continuation phase. Statistical analyses will be based on individual growth modeling techniques. The application capitalizes on the Principal Investigator's prior and ongoing funded research on family management of T1DM, including trials of family-focused behavioral interventions, intensive therapy regimens, and clinical evaluations of continuous glucose sensors. The proposed study will determine whether a targeted behavioral intervention improves CGS benefits among adolescents with previously inadequate glycemic control. These results could demonstrate that adolescents with previously suboptimal diabetic control could realize multiple benefits from CGS use if they are provided with a specialized behavioral intervention.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
116

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • Florida
      • Jacksonville, Florida, United States, 32207
        • Nemours Children's Clinic

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

11 years to 16 years (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Age of adolescent > 11 years and < 17 years. This age range was chosen because families of adolescents often struggle with diabetes management. Youths > 18 years old may be likely to leave home during the study.
  2. Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes based on the clinician's best judgment regarding the adolescent's proper diagnostic category.
  3. Duration of type 1 diabetes > 2 years or > 1 year with negligible stimulated c-peptide level, to exclude those with significant residual pancreatic insulin production.
  4. Treatment of diabetes for the 6 months prior to enrollment must consist of an intensified regimen including either daily use of an insulin pump or 3 or more daily insulin injections with pre-meal insulin doses calculated using a correction factor that considers prevailing blood glucose levels and planned carbohydrate intake.
  5. Adolescent must have established diabetes care at a participating Nemours Children's Clinic site as evidenced by at least two diabetes clinic visits within the prior 12 months.
  6. Most recent HbA1C > 7.5% and < 10.0% or mean HbA1C over the prior 12 months within that same range.
  7. Intention to remain in the same region and to maintain diabetes care at the enrolling center for 12 months.
  8. Family has working telephone service.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Youth has not used a CGM device with real-time glucose feedback for clinical management of diabetes within the prior 6 months. Intermittent or one-time use of "blinded" CGM devices for retrospective analysis only is permissible.
  2. Absence of any other medical conditions that, in the opinion of the attending endocrinologist, would impede completion of the study protocol.
  3. Youths may not be on daily glucocorticoid medications due to hyperglycemic effects of these agents.
  4. Not enrolled in special education for mental retardation, autism or severe behavior disorders.
  5. Child not in an inpatient psychiatric unit or day treatment program during the 6 months prior to enrollment.
  6. Primary diabetes caregiver not diagnosed or in treatment for major depression, psychosis, bipolar disorder or substance use disorder within the 6 months prior to enrollment; Child not in an inpatient psychiatric unit or day treatment program during the 6 months prior to enrollment.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: Standard Care
Standard Care constitutes intensified diabetes management, an enrollment criterion for the study, consisting of either continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump) or multiple daily injections using a "basal-bolus" approach. All patients must be using carbohydrate counting and have prescribed correction factors for targeted insulin bolus dose adjustments.
Other: Standard Care
Intensified diabetes management based on either insulin pump or multiple daily injection insulin regimen, employing carbohydrate counting and a bolus dose correction factor for adjusting insulin doses.
Active Comparator: Continuous Glucose Sensor
Patients will have the same diabetes management regimen as those in the Standard Care group. In addition they will be given a continuous glucose sensor, receive expert instruction in its use, and be guided by a physician and diabetes educator in achieving glycemic benefits through retrospective and real-time interpretation of CGS results and by learning to respond judiciously to the various CGS alarms.
Device: Continuous Glucose Sensor
Education and medical management to promote optimal therapeutic benefit from adding use of a continuous glucose sensor to daily diabetes management.
Experimental: CGS + Behavior Therapy
Patients in the use group will receive the same medical management as the Continuous Glucose Sensor group above. In addition, they will have 6 scheduled encounters with a behavior therapist that are designed to reduce or eliminate typical behavioral and/or psychological barriers to optimal use of CGS as part of diabetes care.
Behavioral: CGS + Behavior Therapy
Patients in this group will receive 6 scheduled encounters with a behavior therapist who will assist the adolescent and parent in reducing or eliminating common behavioral and psychological barriers to achieving optimal benefit from CGS use in diabetes care.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) expressed as a percentage of hemoglobin molecules bound to glucose.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Diabetes Technology Questionnaire-Adolescents
Time Frame: Baseline, 3 6, 9 months
Adolescent's total score on the DTQ-Current items. Range 30-150. Higher scores indicate more favorable satisfaction with and impact of the package of diabetes technology (e.g. pump, meter, CGM, etc.) in use by the patient during the prior 3 months.
Baseline, 3 6, 9 months
Diabetes Technology Questionnaire-Parents' Total Scores on DTQ Current Items
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Parents' ratings of impact and satisfaction with the diabetes devices currently in use (e.g. pump, meter, CGM etc.) Score range from 30-150. Higher score signify greater satisfaction and impact.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Blood Glucose Monitoring Communication Questionnaire-Adolescent
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Adolescent report of communication with parents about blood glucose monitoring and results. Range 8-24. Higher scores indicate more negative communication about BG results.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Blood Glucose Monitoring Communication Questionnaire-Parents
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Parents perspectives of communication with adolescent around blood glucose monitoring and results. Score range 8-24. Higher scores signify more negative communication about BG results.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Diabetes Family Conflict Scale-Adolescent
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Adolescent ratings of degree of diabetes-related family conflict. Score range 19-57. Higher scores indicate more frequent family conflict around diabetes.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Diabetes Family Conflict Scale-Parent
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Parents' ratings of degree of diabetes-related family conflict. Score range 19-57. Higher scores indicate more family conflict around diabetes.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire-Adolescent
Time Frame: Baserline, 3, 6, 9 months
Adolescent's self-ratings of their degree of responsibility for 38 diabetes tasks. Score range 0-76. Lower scores indicate greater adolescent responsibility for diabetes care.
Baserline, 3, 6, 9 months
Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire-Parent
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Parent ratings of adolescent's degree of responsibility for 38 diabetes tasks. Score range 0-76. Lower scores indicate great adolescent responsibility for diabetes care tasks.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Diabetes Self Management Profile-Adolescent
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Adolescent self-report of diabetes management behaviors. Score range 0-86. Higher scores indicate more meticulous diabetes treatment adherence.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Diabetes Self Management Profile-Parent
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Parent report of adolescent's diabetes self-management behaviors. Score range 0-86. Higher scores indicate more meticulous diabetes treatment adherence.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-Adolescent
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Adolescent worry and behavior related to apprehension of low BG episodes. Score range 24-72. Higher scores indicate greater fear and avoidance of hypoglycemia
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-Parent
Time Frame: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months
Parental worry and behavior related to apprehension of low BG events. Score range 24-72. Higher scores indicate greater parental fear and avoidance of hypoglycemia.
Baseline, 3, 6, 9 months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Nemours Children's Clinic

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Tim Wysocki, Ph.D., Nemours Children's Clinic Jacksonville

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
August 1, 2009

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
June 30, 2017

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
June 30, 2017

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
July 23, 2009

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 23, 2009

First Posted (Estimate)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
July 24, 2009

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
September 10, 2018

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 8, 2018

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
August 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 1R01DK080831 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

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