Clinical Effectiveness of Late Maxillary Protraction for Cleft Lip and Palate (PROTRACTSURG)

October 4, 2021 updated by: Stephen Yen, University of Southern California
Patients with cleft lip and palate frequently develop Class III (Cl III) malocclusions or underbites following early cleft repair surgeries. This clinical trial compares the current standard of care for treating the Cl III malocclusion, orthognathic (jaw) surgery after pubertal growth (16-21 years), with an alternative orthopedic approach to protract the maxilla during adolescence (11-14 years). At Children's Hospital Los Angeles(CHLA), early adolescents with cleft lip and palate and Cl III malocclusion are offered an alternative non-surgical approach to correct the malocclusion called "maxillary protraction". Prior to age 14, the maxillary sutures have not fused and can be mobilized by alternating weekly expansion and constriction with a rapid palatal expander (RPE), thereby allowing the upper jaw (maxilla) to be pulled forward (protracted) to correct the underbite. This prospective parallel cohort study will assess the patients undergoing treatment for the Cl III malocclusion by either orthognathic surgery or maxillary protraction at four data collection time points during treatment. The data includes digitized study models, photographs and radiographs, quality of life surveys (SF12, YQOL), parent surveys (ASEBA), treatment cost, periodontal measurements and treatment complications. The study design is a descriptive cohort study that examines the success of treatment (% not requiring a second surgery), the dental and skeletal changes associated with treatment, the stability of treatment and the behavioural/adaptive factors (ASEBA) that contribute to success and lack of success for each treatment. The primary trial will be conducted at Children's Hospital Los Angeles and a pilot study to confirm translation to different settings will be conducted at Seattle Children's Hospital.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Rationale: Cleft lip and palate is the most common facial birth defect. Patients with cleft lip and palate frequently develop Class III (Cl III) malocclusion or underbites for which the current standard of care to treat the Cl III malocclusion is orthognathic (jaw) surgery. Orthognathic surgery is performed late in a teenager's life after pubertal growth is complete, has a long recovery period, has risks for segment loss and nerve injury and is expensive to the insurers. Moreover, the surgical correction can relapse and require a second jaw surgery.

Intervention: The current standard of care for correcting a Cl III malocclusion is orthognathic surgery after pubertal growth is complete. At Children's Hospital, early adolescents (11 - 14 yrs) with cleft lip and palate and Cl III malocclusion are offered an alternative non-surgical approach to correct the malocclusion called "maxillary protraction". At ages 11- 14, the maxillary sutures have not fused and can be mobilized by alternating weekly expansion and constriction with a rapid palatal expander (RPE), thereby allowing the upper jaw (maxilla) to be pulled forward (protracted) in order to correct the underbite.

Purpose: This study will compare the occlusal, photographic, radiographic, periodontal and quality of life data collected at four different timepoints from patients who were treated for the correction of their Cl III malocclusion by either LeFort I maxillary advancement surgery or non-surgical maxillary protraction.

Study Population: The inclusion criteria are patients who are diagnosed with isolated cleft lip and palate with Cl III malocclusion and who, at the time of enrollment, do not have any medical condition which will prevent them from undergoing orthognathic surgery or maxillary protraction procedures. The two study groups differ in age and treatment. One group of patients, ages 11 -14 years of age, chose to undergo maxillary protraction via sutural loosening for correction of Cl III malocclusion. The other group of patients, ages 16 and 21 years, elected to undergo orthognathic surgery for correction of Cl III malocclusion.

Study Methodology: This is a non-randomized prospective parallel cohort study that follows the treatment outcomes of approximately 100 patients with cleft lip and palate and Cl III malocclusion who are treated with maxillary protraction at about a maximal age of 14 years (target N=50) vs. orthognathic surgery at a maximal age of 21 years (target N=50).

Description of Treatment Arms: The first treatment arm consists of participants who have chosen to undergo the orthodontic (non-surgical) maxillary protraction procedure. The second treatment arm consists of participants who have chosen to undergo the orthognathic (jaw) surgical procedure.

Outcomes: The outcomes measured in both groups will be bite correction (GOSLON yardstick), facial esthetics, changes in cephalometric x-ray measurements, youth quality of life (YQOL), psychological/behavioral assessment surveys (ASEBA), cost, periodontal health, complications and stability of treatment.

Follow-up: Participants in both arms of the study (protraction vs. surgery) will have data collected prior to, during, immediately after, and 1 year after treatment.

Statistics and Plans for Analysis: The % of patients requiring further surgery and the reasons for the relapse or incomplete treatment will be examined using the collected data. The investigators will examine factors that are associated with the successful outcomes for each treatment and adjust for these factors in the models.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
117

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • California
      • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90027
        • Children's Hospital Los Angeles
    • Washington
      • Seattle, Washington, United States, 981105
        • Seattle Children's Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

7 years to 17 years (Child, Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate who have a Cl III malocclusion

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosis of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion
  • Age 11-14 for maxillary protraction, Age 16-21 for LeFort I single jaw surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Cognitive delay;
  • Mandibular asymmetry;
  • Mandibular prognathism;
  • 2-jaw cants;
  • Non-grafted alveolar cleft;
  • Inability or unwillingness to have clinical radiographs, photographs, or dental impressions taken;
  • History of therapeeutic radiation treatment to the mazilla or mandible;
  • Pregnancy; if participants become pregnant during the study they will be withdrawn.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Observational Models: Cohort
  • Time Perspectives: Prospective

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Maxillary protraction
Early adolescents (11 - 14 yrs) with cleft lip and palate and Cl III malocclusion
Procedure: Maxillary Protraction
"Maxillary protraction" is an alternative non-surgical approach to correct the Cl III malocclusion. At ages 11- 14, the maxillary sutures have not fused and can be mobilized by alternating weekly expansion and constriction with a rapid palatal expander (RPE), thereby allowing the maxilla to be protracted in order to correct the underbite. This treatment is offered to the patients, age 11-14, who have the Cl III malocclusion with or without cleft lip and palate.
Orthognathic surgery
Late adolescents to young adults (16-21 years) with cleft lip and palate and Cl III malocclusion
Procedure: Orthognathic Surgery
The orthognathic surgery is the current standard of care for treating the Cl III malocclusion after pubertal growth. This treatment is offered to the patients, after pubertal growth, who have the Cl III malocclusion with or without cleft lip and palate.
Other Names:
  • LeFort 1 maxillary advancement surgery

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Bite correction of digitized models.
Time Frame: Approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
The metric for comparing the difference in bite using study models from patients with cleft lip and palate is the "GOSLON Yardstick" which can rate antero-posterior as well as transverse positions.
Approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Cephalometric radiographs
Time Frame: The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
The cephalometric radiographs from the different time points are stored in Dolphin imaging software and digitized for orthodontic and surgical cephalometric analyses. This type of analysis can examine differences between skeletal vs. dental changes between time points.
The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
Facial attractive rating of photographs
Time Frame: The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
The pre-treatment and post-treatment facial photographs of all of the patients in the study will be randomly presented for rating using an analog scale for facial attractiveness. The photographs are presented in a secure database file within the hospital to lay and clinician raters for evaluating the photographs. This type of rating survey can provide data on amount and direction of facial change with each treatment.
The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
Costs of treatments
Time Frame: At the end of approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
The number of visits and current procedural terminology(CPT) codes for the visits will be used to define cost units. The actual costs for CHLA and SCH will be calculated by assigning the hospital charges for those CPT codes.
At the end of approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) developed by the Rand Corporation
Time Frame: The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
The SF-12 is a short form standardized instrument for medical outcome study.
The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
Youth Quality of Life (YQOL) survey designed by the Seattle Quality of Life Group
Time Frame: The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
The YQOL instrument assesses multidimensionally the generic quality of life of youth ages 11-18 years of age. YQOL includes both generic and condition-specific measures.
The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA)
Time Frame: The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
The ASEBA offers a comprehensive approach to assessing adaptive and maladaptive functioning.These surveys are given to the parents of the patients in the study in order to provide a behavioural assessment of their child.
The four timepoints during approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
Periodontal measurements
Time Frame: Approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
The periodontal condition of the premolars and molars normally used for maxillary protraction are evaluated using bleeding index, plaque scores, probe depth and mobility scores.
Approximately 36-48 months for maxillary protraction patients and approximately 36-42 months for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
University of Southern California

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Seattle Children's Hospital
Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Stephen Yen, DMD, PhD, CHLA
  • Study Director: Jane Atkinson, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
April 29, 2015

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
May 31, 2021

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
May 31, 2021

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
May 9, 2016

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 27, 2016

First Posted (Estimate)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
June 3, 2016

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
October 11, 2021

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
October 4, 2021

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
October 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 5U01DE022937-04 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

Yes

IPD Plan Description

All of the participant data collected during the trial after deidentification

IPD Sharing Time Frame

Beginning 3 months and ending 5 years following article publication

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal.

IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type

  • Study Protocol
  • Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)
  • Analytic Code

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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