Assessing the Effectiveness of Community Delivery of Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Pregnancy (IPTp) in Malawi

July 22, 2021 updated by: Julie Gutman, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences
The overall aim of the study is to learn whether utilization of Health Surveillance Assistants (HSAs) for delivery of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnant women (IPTp) can increase coverage of three or more IPTp doses compared to IPTp delivery only at antenatal clinics (ANC), while at the same time improve or maintain ANC attendance. This will be a cluster randomized trial, including a total of 20 health facilities (HF) which will be randomly assigned to either the intervention (10) or non-intervention group (10); all HSAs affiliated with a HF will be in the same group.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Project Background WHO recommends the use of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) to prevent the adverse effects of malaria in pregnancy. In 2012, in an effort to boost uptake, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its policy promoting initiation of IPTp-SP as early as possible during the second trimester and at every scheduled antenatal clinic (ANC) visit thereafter, as long as the visits were at least one month apart. Despite this recommendation, progress has been slow, and no sub-Saharan African country has achieved the 85% coverage target set by the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI). Malawi was the first country to adopt IPTp-SP, and though it had early gains, these have remained stagnant. Coverage of 2 doses of IPTp-SP was 42.9% in 2004 (DHS), 53.8% in 2010 (DHS), and remained only 63% as of 2014 (MIS), despite the fact that >95% of women make 2 or more visits to the ANC, with 44% making four or more visits, and despite the fact that the median gestational age at the first visit is 5.6 months. Clearly, a novel approach to ensure earlier presentation at ANC and increase IPTp delivery is needed to boost coverage to the 85% target. Community delivery of IPTp has been suggested as a means to improve coverage, however, there is concern that this could also lead to reduced antenatal care (ANC) visits. Thus, it is relevant to assess whether there is a benefit of community delivery of IPTp-SP under the current policy advocating IPTp at each ANC visit, whether this approach is feasible, both from the standpoint of service delivery as well as data collection, and ensure that there is no adverse effect on ANC attendance prior to large scale roll-out.

Study Aims Broad objective: The overall aim of the study is to learn whether utilization of Health Surveillance Assistants (HSAs) for delivery of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnant women (IPTp) can increase coverage of three or more IPTp doses compared to IPTp delivery only at antenatal clinics (ANC), while at the same time improve or maintain ANC attendance

Specific objectives Primary objective

  1. Determine the effect of community-based IPTp delivery by HSAs compared with facility-based IPTp delivery on IPTp coverage (including 1, 2, 3, and 4 doses) and ANC coverage (including 1, 2, 3, and 4 visits) Secondary objectives
  2. Document the level of service delivery by HSAs
  3. Assess women's knowledge of HSAs and attitudes about receiving IPTp from a HSA
  4. Assess the feasibility of scaling-up community delivery of IPTp from the perspective of health facility staff, and HSAs..
  5. Assess the acceptability of community delivery of IPTp from health facility staff, HSAs, and women.
  6. Assess the factors which may affect the scale-up of community delivery of IPTp from the perspective of health facility staff, HSAs, and women.
  7. Assess incremental costs of community-based IPTp delivery compared to HF based IPTp delivery from both provider and household perspectives.

Methodology Study design: This will be a cluster randomized trial, including a total of 20 health facilities (HF) which will be randomly assigned to either the intervention (10) or non-intervention group (10); all HSAs affiliated with a HF will be in the same group.

The study will use baseline and end line cross sectional household surveys, midline and post-intervention in-depth interviews with health facility staff and HSAs, pre- and post-intervention in-depth interviews with women, and focus group discussions with HSAs to achieve the objectives.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
1447

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Malawi
      • Liwonde, Malawi
        • Malaria Alert Center, University of Malawi College of Medicine

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

16 years to 49 years (Child, Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Pregnant women:

  • All pregnant women residing in study catchment area are eligible to receive SP from HSAs, with the exception of HIV positive women.
  • To be included in the women's question portion of the baseline and end line household surveys, women must be between the ages of 16-49 years, have been pregnant/delivered in the previous 12 months, consent to participation, and will be eligible for inclusion in surveys regardless of where the woman gave birth (i.e., whether at home or in facility). All pregnant/recently pregnant women will be included in the cross sectional survey, but the sample size is calculated in order to identify those who have completed pregnancies in the past 12 months. There were be a very short subset of demographic and knowledge questions which will be asked of all households during the baseline and end line surveys, regardless of whether there are any recently pregnant women in the household.

Providers:

  • At each facility we will randomly select one ANC provider who has had at least six months of work experience
  • HSA supervisor
  • Health facility in-charge

HSAs:

• All HSAs working in the study areas will be eligible; we will select at least 36 at random to be participate in interviews and focus groups discussions.

Exclusion Criteria:

Pregnant women: Women who experienced a delivery in the past 12 months, but are <16 or >49 years will be excluded. Those who last delivered a child over twelve months ago will be excluded from survey questions specific to recently pregnant women, but may answer questions related to community perception or general demographics. For qualitative research, the same criteria will be used.

Health facility providers: Those who have been working in the health service for less than six months will not be interviewed due to low levels of relevant experience or exposure to the intervention.

HSAs: All HSAs are eligible to participate.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
No Intervention: Control
IPTp delivered at antenatal clinic
Experimental: Intervention
IPTp delivered by HSAs
Other: IPTp delivered by HSAs
Pregnant women will have the option to receive IPTp-SP from Health surveillance assistants (HSAs). SP is recommended in Malawi for prevention of malaria during pregnancy, but currently it is only available at antenatal clinics.
Other Names:
  • community IPTp (cIPTp)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
3 or more doses of IPTp (IPTp3+)
Time Frame: through study completion, 18 months
Proportion of recently pregnant women who received at least 3 doses of IPTp
through study completion, 18 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
IPTp doses received
Time Frame: through study completion, 18 months
Proportion of women who received 1, 2, or 4 or more dose of IPT
through study completion, 18 months
IPTp doses delivered by ANC
Time Frame: through study completion, 18 months
Proportion of doses delivered by the HSA vs at the ANC
through study completion, 18 months
Total ANC visits
Time Frame: through study completion, 18 months
proportion of women who made 1, 2, 3, 4, or more ANC visits
through study completion, 18 months
Gestational age at first IPTp
Time Frame: through study completion, 18 months
gestational age at the time of first ANC and at 1st dose of IPTp
through study completion, 18 months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Kamuzu University of Health Sciences

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Ministry of Health, Malawi
Peace Corps
Management Sciences for Health

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Jobiba Chinkhumba, MBBS PhD, Malaria Alert Center, Malawi College of Medicine
  • Principal Investigator: Julie Gutman, MD MSc, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
December 1, 2017

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
August 30, 2020

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
August 30, 2020

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
December 6, 2017

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
December 12, 2017

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
December 18, 2017

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
July 26, 2021

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 22, 2021

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
July 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • P.08/17/2232

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

Undecided

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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