Engaging Fathers for Effective Child Nutrition and Development in Tanzania (EFFECTS)

April 28, 2021 updated by: Mary Pat Kieffer, Project Concern International

Engaging Fathers for Effective Child Nutrition and Development in Tanzania (EFFECTS): A Community-Based Bundled Nutrition and Parenting Intervention

This study aims to evaluate the independent and combined effectiveness of engaging both mothers and fathers in bundled parenting and nutrition behavior change packages on early child nutrition and development.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

The overall aim of EFFECTS is to develop, implement, and evaluate nutrition and parenting interventions that will be delivered by community health workers in the Mara region of Tanzania. We will use a 2x2 factorial cluster randomized controlled study design, plus a local standard of care control group, to evaluate the effectiveness of EFFECTS on the primary outcomes of early child nutrition and development. In total, there will be five study arms: nutrition intervention with mothers, nutrition intervention with mothers and fathers, bundled nutrition and parenting intervention with mothers, bundled nutrition and parenting intervention with mothers and fathers, and a local standard of care control. We hypothesize that an intervention approach that engages fathers will benefit the primary outcomes; a bundled nutrition and parenting package will benefit the same primary outcomes; and that the combined intervention approach - that both engages fathers and bundles nutrition and parenting messages - will have additive benefits on the primary outcomes.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
960

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Tanzania
    • Mara
      • Musoma, Mara, Tanzania
        • Project Concern International

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

1 second to 1 year (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Household has a child aged 0-18 months at study enrollment
  • Child has a mother/female caregiver with a male partner
  • Mother, father, and child anticipate remaining in the study area for the duration of the study
  • The mother, and father where appropriate, is willing to participate in a peer group for the duration of the intervention, receiving full knowledge of the amount of time they are expected to contribute to this study.
  • Both mother and father provide informed consent.
  • Fathers have to be present in household with mother/child 10 months out of the year

Exclusion Criteria:

  • None (only those households not meeting all the above criteria will be excluded from the study)

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Nutrition, mothers
Community health workers (CHWs) will facilitate peer group sessions with mothers of children aged 0-18 months at enrollment. The CHWs will deliver key messages and facilitate problem-solving and skill-building activities to promote nutrition-related behavior change. Group sessions will last between 1.5-2 hours and groups will meet biweekly for a period of 12 months. Due to the COVID pandemic, group sessions were paused for three months (March-June 2020). The intervention resumed in July 2020 with delivery via home visits rather than peer groups, and concluded in September 2020.
Behavioral: Nutrition, mothers
Nutrition-related social and behavior change (SBC) messages and activities for mothers focused on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), dietary diversity, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), food access (use of income and home-grown foods), psychosocial well-being, gender equity, intra-household resource allocation, partner communication and household decision-making
Experimental: Nutrition, mothers and fathers
Community health workers (CHWs) will facilitate peer group sessions with mothers and fathers of children aged 0-18 months at enrollment. The CHWs will deliver key messages and facilitate problem-solving and skill-building activities to promote nutrition-related behavior change. Group sessions will last between 1.5-2 hours and the groups will meet biweekly for a period of 12 months. Due to the COVID pandemic, group sessions were paused for three months (March-June 2020). The intervention resumed in July 2020 with delivery via home visits rather than peer groups, and concluded in September 2020.
Behavioral: Nutrition, mothers and fathers
Nutrition-related social and behavior change (SBC) messages and activities for mothers and fathers focused on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), dietary diversity, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), food access (use of income and home-grown foods), psychosocial well-being, gender equity, intra-household resource allocation, partner communication and household decision-making
Experimental: Nutrition+parenting, mothers
Community health workers (CHWs) will facilitate peer group sessions with mothers of children aged 0-18 months at enrollment. CHWs will deliver key messages and facilitate problem-solving and skill-building activities to promote nutrition and parenting-related behavior change. The group sessions will last between 1.5-2 hours and groups will meet biweekly for a period of 12 months. Due to the COVID pandemic, group sessions were paused for three months (March-June 2020). The intervention resumed in July 2020 with delivery via home visits rather than peer groups, and concluded in September 2020.
Behavioral: Nutrition+parenting, mothers
Nutrition- and parenting-related social and behavior change (SBC) messages and activities for mothers focused on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), dietary diversity, responsive caregiving and child stimulation (play and communication), water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), food access (use of income and home-grown foods), psychosocial well-being, gender equity, intra-household resource allocation, partner communication and household decision-making
Experimental: Nutrition+parenting, mothers and fathers
Community health workers (CHWs) will facilitate peer group sessions with mothers and fathers of children aged 0-18 months at enrollment. CHWs will deliver key messages and facilitate problem-solving and skill-building activities to promote nutrition and parenting-related behavior change. The group sessions will last between 1.5-2 hours and groups will meet biweekly for a period of 12 months. Due to the COVID pandemic, group sessions were paused for three months (March-June 2020). The intervention resumed in July 2020 with delivery via home visits rather than peer groups, and concluded in September 2020.
Behavioral: Nutrition+parenting, mothers and fathers
Nutrition- and parenting-related social and behavior change (SBC) messages and activities for mothers and fathers focused on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), dietary diversity, responsive caregiving and child stimulation (play and communication), water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), food access (use of income and home-grown foods), psychosocial well-being, gender equity, intra-household resource allocation, partner communication and household decision-making
No Intervention: Standard of care control
Local standard of care

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in child dietary diversity (24 hrs)
Time Frame: 12 months
Child dietary diversity (24 hours) defined as the number of food groups out of eight food groups consumed in the previous day based on World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and is assessed in children aged six months or older. A higher score reflects a higher likelihood of reaching a nutritionally adequate diet.
12 months
Change in early child development
Time Frame: 12 months
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition is used to assess cognitive, language, and motor development. Each domain of development is reported separately. In each scale, raw scores are converted to composite scores ranging from 40-160. The average score is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. A higher score denotes higher performance.
12 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Child dietary diversity (7 days)
Time Frame: 12 months
Child dietary diversity (7 days) defined as number of food groups out of a total of eight food groups consumed in the previous seven days based on WHO guidelines and is assessed in children aged six months or older. A higher score reflects a higher likelihood of reaching a nutritionally adequate diet.
12 months
Child nutrition status
Time Frame: 12 months
Calculated as height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) and weight-for-height Z-scores (WHZ), based on WHO Multicentre Child Growth Standards.
12 months
Proportion of children who meet minimum meal frequency guidelines
Time Frame: 12 months
Using a caregiver self-reported questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF, proportion of children aged six months or older (breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding) who meet minimum meal frequency guidelines during the previous 24 hours.
12 months
Parent-child interactions
Time Frame: 12 months
Interactions of the child with each parent using the Observation of Mother-Child Interactions tool. Total scores are summed. A higher score represents better parent-child interactions.
12 months
Caregiver early childhood development (ECD) knowledge
Time Frame: 12 months
Caregiver (mother and father) knowledge of early childhood development (ECD) assessed using a caregiver self-report questionnaire of the perceived expected ages at which children can attain developmental milestones. Responses within a theoretically defined age range are scored as correct, and an overall knowledge of ECD score is created by summing the total number of correct items. Higher scores represent improved knowledge of ECD.
12 months
Caregiver infant and young child feeding (IYCF) knowledge
Time Frame: 12 months
Caregiver (mother and father) knowledge on two topics: 1) Breastfeeding knowledge and support score; 2) Complementary feeding knowledge score (food consistency, nutritious porridge, growth); These are based on questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF. Total scores (# of correct responses) are summed; a higher score represents higher level of knowledge related to recommended IYCF practices.
12 months
Change from baseline in household food allocation of animal source foods
Time Frame: 12 months
Consumption of animal source foods (ASF: eggs, meat, and fish but excluding dairy) yesterday by child given father, mother, or child consumed ASF [household ASF consumption] yesterday; Consumption of ASF yesterday by mother given household ASF consumption yesterday; Consumption of ASF yesterday by father given household ASF consumption yesterday
12 months
Responsive feeding practices
Time Frame: 12 months
Responsive feeding was measured among mothers using a maternal-reported scale. Each item is scored on 4-point Likert scale: 0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often, and 3 = always. Negatively worded items were reverse scored. We created an overall responsive feeding score based on the average of 8 items, whereby higher scores indicated more responsive feeding behaviors.
12 months
Caregiver stimulation practices
Time Frame: 12 months
Caregiver (mother and father) stimulation practices assessed using a caregiver self-report questionnaire of the frequency of engagement in stimulation activities (e.g., naming things, playing) with the child in the past week, adapted from the Family Care Indicators. Each item was scored on a 4-point frequency scale (0=never, 1=once or twice a week, 2=multiple times a week, and 3=every day or nearly every day) and summed for a total score. Higher scores represent more frequent engagement in stimulation.
12 months
Co-parenting
Time Frame: 12 months
For the brief version of the Co-parenting Relationship Scale (CRS), each item is scored on a 4-point scale, ranging from 0=not true, 1=a little bit true, 2=mostly true, 3=very true. The items are averaged to generate a total score, which similarly ranges from 0 to 3. Higher values of the total average score indicate more positive co-parenting.
12 months
Couples' communication (frequency, quality) and decision-making
Time Frame: 12 months
Couples' communication and decision-making with respect to household matters (e.g., income, food allocation) using a self-report questionnaire adapted from Promundo and asked to both mothers and fathers. Two sub-scales will be reported: (1) frequency of communication, which is the average across 8 Likert-scored items (3=often, 2=sometimes, 1=rarely, and 0=never); (2) women's decision-making power, which is the total number of decisions over which the woman had the final say independently or jointly with her partner (8 total items). Higher scores will represent more frequent couples' communication and greater women's decision-making power.
12 months
Gender equitable attitudes
Time Frame: 12 months
Attitudes toward gender norms and roles assessed on both women and men. For each of the 12 items on the scale, women and men will report their level of agreement scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). The items are summarized to generate a total score ranging from 12 to 60 or a standardized z-score. Higher values indicate more gender equitable attitudes toward gender norms and women's and men's social roles and relations within a household.
12 months
Time use patterns
Time Frame: 12 months
Time use patterns using 7 day recall, particularly chores and childcare activities, using adapted version of International Food Policy Research Institute's Women's Empowerment in Agriculture (WEIA) tool, assessed on both mothers and fathers. Two main indicators of time use will be reported - time spent on work activities (which can be further grouped into domestic chores and income-generating activities) and non-work activities (leisure and rest) - which each refer to the total number of hours spent for that category of activities. Smaller differences in time spent between men and women indicate greater gender equity at household level.
12 months
Proportion of households that purify drinking water
Time Frame: 12 months
Using a caregiver self-report questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF, 2 items will be administered to caregivers to calculate proportion of households that purify drinking water.
12 months
Proportion of households with observed animal feces in house or compound
Time Frame: 12 months
Using an observational checklist adapted from WHO-UNICEF, 1 item will assess presence of animal feces in house or compound (yes/no).
12 months
Change in frequency of caregiver handwashing with cleansing agent at critical times during the past 24 hours
Time Frame: 12 months
Using a caregiver self-report questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF, 3 items will be administered to measure change in frequency of handwashing with cleansing agent at critical times during the past 24 hours.
12 months
Change in frequency of child handwashing with cleansing agent at critical times during the past 24 hours
Time Frame: 12 months
Using a caregiver self-report questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF, 3 items will be administered to measure change in frequency of child handwashing with cleansing agent at critical times during the past 24 hours.
12 months
Caregiver water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) knowledge
Time Frame: 12 months
Caregiver (mother and father) knowledge of recommended water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices (making food safe, avoiding sickness, washing hands). These are based on questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF. Total scores (# of correct responses) are summed; a higher score represents higher level of knowledge related to recommended WASH practices.
12 months
Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms
Time Frame: 12 months
Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms will be measured using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20, excluding the item on suicidal ideation). The SRQ-20 comprises 20 yes/no items to assess the presence of depression and anxiety-related symptoms in the past 30 days. The 19 items used in this study will be summed to create a total score, ranging from 0 to 20.
12 months
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
Time Frame: 12 months
Mothers' experience of intimate partner violence will be measured based on self-reported experiences of physical, emotional, and/or sexual violence by their male partner in the past 3 months. These questions come from IPV questionnaire in the domestic violence module of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys. Maternal victimization of IPV will be analyzed according to four classifications: (1) any type of violence; (2) any physical violence; (3) any emotional violence; and (4) any sexual violence.
12 months
Parenting stress
Time Frame: 12 months
The Parental Distress subscale of the Parenting Stress Index questionnaire was used with both mothers and fathers. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale. Applicable items will be reverse-coded, such that the highest response option=4 is in the direction of more parenting stress and response option=1 is reflective of minimal/no parenting stress. Total scores will be calculated for the Parental Distress subscale. Higher scores indicate greater parenting stress.
12 months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Project Concern International

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH)
Purdue University
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Africa Academy for Public Health
The Eleanor Crook Foundation

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Mary Pat Kieffer, MSc., Project Concern International
  • Principal Investigator: Nilupa Gunaratna, PhD, Purdue University
  • Principal Investigator: Aisha Yousafzai, PhD, Harvard H.T. Chan School of Public Health

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 30, 2018

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
February 28, 2021

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
February 28, 2021

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
October 27, 2018

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 28, 2018

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
November 30, 2018

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
May 3, 2021

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 28, 2021

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
April 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 01 (Miami VAHS)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

No

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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