- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03759821
Engaging Fathers for Effective Child Nutrition and Development in Tanzania (EFFECTS)
April 28, 2021 updated by: Mary Pat Kieffer, Project Concern International
Engaging Fathers for Effective Child Nutrition and Development in Tanzania (EFFECTS): A Community-Based Bundled Nutrition and Parenting Intervention
This study aims to evaluate the independent and combined effectiveness of engaging both mothers and fathers in bundled parenting and nutrition behavior change packages on early child nutrition and development.
Study Overview
Status
Completed
Conditions
Detailed Description
The overall aim of EFFECTS is to develop, implement, and evaluate nutrition and parenting interventions that will be delivered by community health workers in the Mara region of Tanzania.
We will use a 2x2 factorial cluster randomized controlled study design, plus a local standard of care control group, to evaluate the effectiveness of EFFECTS on the primary outcomes of early child nutrition and development.
In total, there will be five study arms: nutrition intervention with mothers, nutrition intervention with mothers and fathers, bundled nutrition and parenting intervention with mothers, bundled nutrition and parenting intervention with mothers and fathers, and a local standard of care control.
We hypothesize that an intervention approach that engages fathers will benefit the primary outcomes; a bundled nutrition and parenting package will benefit the same primary outcomes; and that the combined intervention approach - that both engages fathers and bundles nutrition and parenting messages - will have additive benefits on the primary outcomes.
Study Type
Interventional
Enrollment (Actual)
960
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.
Study Locations
-
-
Mara
-
Musoma, Mara, Tanzania
- Project Concern International
-
-
Participation Criteria
Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
1 second to 1 year (Child)
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Genders Eligible for Study
All
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Household has a child aged 0-18 months at study enrollment
- Child has a mother/female caregiver with a male partner
- Mother, father, and child anticipate remaining in the study area for the duration of the study
- The mother, and father where appropriate, is willing to participate in a peer group for the duration of the intervention, receiving full knowledge of the amount of time they are expected to contribute to this study.
- Both mother and father provide informed consent.
- Fathers have to be present in household with mother/child 10 months out of the year
Exclusion Criteria:
- None (only those households not meeting all the above criteria will be excluded from the study)
Study Plan
This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Prevention
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
- Masking: Single
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Nutrition, mothers
Community health workers (CHWs) will facilitate peer group sessions with mothers of children aged 0-18 months at enrollment.
The CHWs will deliver key messages and facilitate problem-solving and skill-building activities to promote nutrition-related behavior change.
Group sessions will last between 1.5-2 hours and groups will meet biweekly for a period of 12 months.
Due to the COVID pandemic, group sessions were paused for three months (March-June 2020).
The intervention resumed in July 2020 with delivery via home visits rather than peer groups, and concluded in September 2020.
|
Nutrition-related social and behavior change (SBC) messages and activities for mothers focused on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), dietary diversity, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), food access (use of income and home-grown foods), psychosocial well-being, gender equity, intra-household resource allocation, partner communication and household decision-making
|
Experimental: Nutrition, mothers and fathers
Community health workers (CHWs) will facilitate peer group sessions with mothers and fathers of children aged 0-18 months at enrollment.
The CHWs will deliver key messages and facilitate problem-solving and skill-building activities to promote nutrition-related behavior change.
Group sessions will last between 1.5-2 hours and the groups will meet biweekly for a period of 12 months.
Due to the COVID pandemic, group sessions were paused for three months (March-June 2020).
The intervention resumed in July 2020 with delivery via home visits rather than peer groups, and concluded in September 2020.
|
Nutrition-related social and behavior change (SBC) messages and activities for mothers and fathers focused on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), dietary diversity, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), food access (use of income and home-grown foods), psychosocial well-being, gender equity, intra-household resource allocation, partner communication and household decision-making
|
Experimental: Nutrition+parenting, mothers
Community health workers (CHWs) will facilitate peer group sessions with mothers of children aged 0-18 months at enrollment.
CHWs will deliver key messages and facilitate problem-solving and skill-building activities to promote nutrition and parenting-related behavior change.
The group sessions will last between 1.5-2 hours and groups will meet biweekly for a period of 12 months.
Due to the COVID pandemic, group sessions were paused for three months (March-June 2020).
The intervention resumed in July 2020 with delivery via home visits rather than peer groups, and concluded in September 2020.
|
Nutrition- and parenting-related social and behavior change (SBC) messages and activities for mothers focused on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), dietary diversity, responsive caregiving and child stimulation (play and communication), water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), food access (use of income and home-grown foods), psychosocial well-being, gender equity, intra-household resource allocation, partner communication and household decision-making
|
Experimental: Nutrition+parenting, mothers and fathers
Community health workers (CHWs) will facilitate peer group sessions with mothers and fathers of children aged 0-18 months at enrollment.
CHWs will deliver key messages and facilitate problem-solving and skill-building activities to promote nutrition and parenting-related behavior change.
The group sessions will last between 1.5-2 hours and groups will meet biweekly for a period of 12 months.
Due to the COVID pandemic, group sessions were paused for three months (March-June 2020).
The intervention resumed in July 2020 with delivery via home visits rather than peer groups, and concluded in September 2020.
|
Nutrition- and parenting-related social and behavior change (SBC) messages and activities for mothers and fathers focused on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), dietary diversity, responsive caregiving and child stimulation (play and communication), water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), food access (use of income and home-grown foods), psychosocial well-being, gender equity, intra-household resource allocation, partner communication and household decision-making
|
No Intervention: Standard of care control
Local standard of care
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Change in child dietary diversity (24 hrs)
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Child dietary diversity (24 hours) defined as the number of food groups out of eight food groups consumed in the previous day based on World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and is assessed in children aged six months or older.
A higher score reflects a higher likelihood of reaching a nutritionally adequate diet.
|
12 months
|
Change in early child development
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition is used to assess cognitive, language, and motor development.
Each domain of development is reported separately.
In each scale, raw scores are converted to composite scores ranging from 40-160.
The average score is 100 and the standard deviation is 15.
A higher score denotes higher performance.
|
12 months
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Child dietary diversity (7 days)
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Child dietary diversity (7 days) defined as number of food groups out of a total of eight food groups consumed in the previous seven days based on WHO guidelines and is assessed in children aged six months or older.
A higher score reflects a higher likelihood of reaching a nutritionally adequate diet.
|
12 months
|
Child nutrition status
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Calculated as height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) and weight-for-height Z-scores (WHZ), based on WHO Multicentre Child Growth Standards.
|
12 months
|
Proportion of children who meet minimum meal frequency guidelines
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Using a caregiver self-reported questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF, proportion of children aged six months or older (breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding) who meet minimum meal frequency guidelines during the previous 24 hours.
|
12 months
|
Parent-child interactions
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Interactions of the child with each parent using the Observation of Mother-Child Interactions tool.
Total scores are summed.
A higher score represents better parent-child interactions.
|
12 months
|
Caregiver early childhood development (ECD) knowledge
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Caregiver (mother and father) knowledge of early childhood development (ECD) assessed using a caregiver self-report questionnaire of the perceived expected ages at which children can attain developmental milestones.
Responses within a theoretically defined age range are scored as correct, and an overall knowledge of ECD score is created by summing the total number of correct items.
Higher scores represent improved knowledge of ECD.
|
12 months
|
Caregiver infant and young child feeding (IYCF) knowledge
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Caregiver (mother and father) knowledge on two topics: 1) Breastfeeding knowledge and support score; 2) Complementary feeding knowledge score (food consistency, nutritious porridge, growth); These are based on questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF.
Total scores (# of correct responses) are summed; a higher score represents higher level of knowledge related to recommended IYCF practices.
|
12 months
|
Change from baseline in household food allocation of animal source foods
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Consumption of animal source foods (ASF: eggs, meat, and fish but excluding dairy) yesterday by child given father, mother, or child consumed ASF [household ASF consumption] yesterday; Consumption of ASF yesterday by mother given household ASF consumption yesterday; Consumption of ASF yesterday by father given household ASF consumption yesterday
|
12 months
|
Responsive feeding practices
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Responsive feeding was measured among mothers using a maternal-reported scale.
Each item is scored on 4-point Likert scale: 0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often, and 3 = always.
Negatively worded items were reverse scored.
We created an overall responsive feeding score based on the average of 8 items, whereby higher scores indicated more responsive feeding behaviors.
|
12 months
|
Caregiver stimulation practices
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Caregiver (mother and father) stimulation practices assessed using a caregiver self-report questionnaire of the frequency of engagement in stimulation activities (e.g., naming things, playing) with the child in the past week, adapted from the Family Care Indicators.
Each item was scored on a 4-point frequency scale (0=never, 1=once or twice a week, 2=multiple times a week, and 3=every day or nearly every day) and summed for a total score.
Higher scores represent more frequent engagement in stimulation.
|
12 months
|
Co-parenting
Time Frame: 12 months
|
For the brief version of the Co-parenting Relationship Scale (CRS), each item is scored on a 4-point scale, ranging from 0=not true, 1=a little bit true, 2=mostly true, 3=very true.
The items are averaged to generate a total score, which similarly ranges from 0 to 3. Higher values of the total average score indicate more positive co-parenting.
|
12 months
|
Couples' communication (frequency, quality) and decision-making
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Couples' communication and decision-making with respect to household matters (e.g., income, food allocation) using a self-report questionnaire adapted from Promundo and asked to both mothers and fathers.
Two sub-scales will be reported: (1) frequency of communication, which is the average across 8 Likert-scored items (3=often, 2=sometimes, 1=rarely, and 0=never); (2) women's decision-making power, which is the total number of decisions over which the woman had the final say independently or jointly with her partner (8 total items).
Higher scores will represent more frequent couples' communication and greater women's decision-making power.
|
12 months
|
Gender equitable attitudes
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Attitudes toward gender norms and roles assessed on both women and men.
For each of the 12 items on the scale, women and men will report their level of agreement scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree).
The items are summarized to generate a total score ranging from 12 to 60 or a standardized z-score.
Higher values indicate more gender equitable attitudes toward gender norms and women's and men's social roles and relations within a household.
|
12 months
|
Time use patterns
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Time use patterns using 7 day recall, particularly chores and childcare activities, using adapted version of International Food Policy Research Institute's Women's Empowerment in Agriculture (WEIA) tool, assessed on both mothers and fathers.
Two main indicators of time use will be reported - time spent on work activities (which can be further grouped into domestic chores and income-generating activities) and non-work activities (leisure and rest) - which each refer to the total number of hours spent for that category of activities.
Smaller differences in time spent between men and women indicate greater gender equity at household level.
|
12 months
|
Proportion of households that purify drinking water
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Using a caregiver self-report questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF, 2 items will be administered to caregivers to calculate proportion of households that purify drinking water.
|
12 months
|
Proportion of households with observed animal feces in house or compound
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Using an observational checklist adapted from WHO-UNICEF, 1 item will assess presence of animal feces in house or compound (yes/no).
|
12 months
|
Change in frequency of caregiver handwashing with cleansing agent at critical times during the past 24 hours
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Using a caregiver self-report questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF, 3 items will be administered to measure change in frequency of handwashing with cleansing agent at critical times during the past 24 hours.
|
12 months
|
Change in frequency of child handwashing with cleansing agent at critical times during the past 24 hours
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Using a caregiver self-report questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF, 3 items will be administered to measure change in frequency of child handwashing with cleansing agent at critical times during the past 24 hours.
|
12 months
|
Caregiver water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) knowledge
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Caregiver (mother and father) knowledge of recommended water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices (making food safe, avoiding sickness, washing hands).
These are based on questionnaire adapted from WHO-UNICEF.
Total scores (# of correct responses) are summed; a higher score represents higher level of knowledge related to recommended WASH practices.
|
12 months
|
Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms will be measured using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20, excluding the item on suicidal ideation).
The SRQ-20 comprises 20 yes/no items to assess the presence of depression and anxiety-related symptoms in the past 30 days.
The 19 items used in this study will be summed to create a total score, ranging from 0 to 20.
|
12 months
|
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
Time Frame: 12 months
|
Mothers' experience of intimate partner violence will be measured based on self-reported experiences of physical, emotional, and/or sexual violence by their male partner in the past 3 months.
These questions come from IPV questionnaire in the domestic violence module of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys.
Maternal victimization of IPV will be analyzed according to four classifications: (1) any type of violence; (2) any physical violence; (3) any emotional violence; and (4) any sexual violence.
|
12 months
|
Parenting stress
Time Frame: 12 months
|
The Parental Distress subscale of the Parenting Stress Index questionnaire was used with both mothers and fathers.
Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale.
Applicable items will be reverse-coded, such that the highest response option=4 is in the direction of more parenting stress and response option=1 is reflective of minimal/no parenting stress.
Total scores will be calculated for the Parental Distress subscale.
Higher scores indicate greater parenting stress.
|
12 months
|
Collaborators and Investigators
This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.
Sponsor
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Mary Pat Kieffer, MSc., Project Concern International
- Principal Investigator: Nilupa Gunaratna, PhD, Purdue University
- Principal Investigator: Aisha Yousafzai, PhD, Harvard H.T. Chan School of Public Health
Publications and helpful links
The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.
Study record dates
These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
October 30, 2018
Primary Completion (Actual)
February 28, 2021
Study Completion (Actual)
February 28, 2021
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
October 27, 2018
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
November 28, 2018
First Posted (Actual)
November 30, 2018
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
May 3, 2021
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
April 28, 2021
Last Verified
April 1, 2021
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Other Study ID Numbers
- 01 (Miami VAHS)
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
No
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
No
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
Clinical Trials on Child Nutrition and Early Child Development
-
University of Southern CaliforniaEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development... and other collaboratorsCompletedEarly Child DevelopmentUnited States
-
Stockholm UniversityYale University; University of Chile; EDI Global; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS... and other collaboratorsRecruitingParenting | Early Child DevelopmentTanzania
-
Aga Khan UniversityUNICEFCompletedEarly Child Development and GrowthPakistan
-
Chang Gung Memorial HospitalCompletedChild Development | Developmental Delay | Early Intervention
-
Temple UniversityWilliam Penn FoundationRecruitingLanguage Development | Early Intervention | Language, ChildUnited States
-
Gazi UniversityNot yet recruitingChild Rearing | Growth and Development | Early Childhood Caries
-
Boston CollegeGrand Challenges Canada; InfaCare Pharmaceuticals Corporation, a Mallinckrodt... and other collaboratorsActive, not recruitingParent-Child Relations | Parenting | Child Development | Child MalnutritionRwanda
-
University of ConnecticutHarvard Medical School (HMS and HSDM); Boston University; Massachusetts General... and other collaboratorsCompletedChild Nutrition, Child Neurobehavioral DevelopmentKenya
-
Washington University School of MedicineHôpital Universitaire Justinien; Université Publique du Nord au Cap-Haïtien; Konbit...RecruitingParenting | Malnutrition, Child | Development, ChildHaiti
-
International Food Policy Research InstituteCornell University; Data Analysis and Technical Assistance Ltd; World Food Programme...CompletedChild Development | Intimate Partner Violence | Food Security | Poverty | Child Nutrition | Gender Dynamics
Clinical Trials on Nutrition, mothers
-
University of OsloCompletedGrowth | Infant Malnutrition | Cognitive Development | Nutrition KnowledgeUganda
-
University of California, Los AngelesPhilani Child Health and Nutrition Project, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South...Completed
-
University of DoualaCompleted
-
University of FloridaCompletedPediatric Obesity | RecruitmentUnited States
-
University of CopenhagenMinistry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar; Danish International Development...CompletedPregnancy | mHealth | Maternal Health | Health Behavior | Newborn DeathTanzania
-
Northwestern UniversityEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development... and other collaboratorsRecruitingPostpartum Depression | Parenting | Child Development | Child Self-RegulationUnited States
-
NMP Medical Research InstituteWarwick Research Services; Mothers Touch Foundation, IndiaCompletedPost Partum Depression | Psychological Distress | MoodIndia
-
Yale UniversityNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)CompletedMaternal Substance Use | Child Abuse and NeglectUnited States
-
University of Missouri-ColumbiaCompleted
-
Ziauddin UniversityUniversiti Sains MalaysiaNot yet recruitingGingivitis | Dental PlaquePakistan