Acute Effects of Cookies Containing 2.5 g Spirulina on Postprandial Glycemic and Insulin Responses

July 30, 2022 updated by: Aimilia Papakonstantinou, Agricultural University of Athens

Acute Effects of Cookies Containing 2.5 g Spirulina on Postprandial Glycemic and Insulin Responses: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Humans

This study investigated the effects of cookies containing 2.5 g Spirulina on postprandial glycemic and insulin responses.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

This study examined the short-term effects of cookies containing 0 and 2.5 g Spirulina on postprandial glycemic and insulin responses, arterial blood pressure and subjective appetite

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
13

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Greece
      • Athens, Greece, 11855
        • Agricultural University of Athens

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 55 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • healthy
  • non-smoking
  • men and women
  • body mass index between 18 and 24.9 kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

  • severe chronic disease (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, kidney or liver conditions, endrocrine conditions)
  • gastrointestinal diseases
  • pregnancy
  • lactation
  • competitive sports
  • alcohol abuse
  • drug dependency

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Glucose as reference food
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: Glucose as reference food
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: White bread
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Diagnostic test: Cookie containing 0 g spirulina
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: Cookie containing 2.5 g spirulina
TThirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Experimental: White bread
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: Glucose as reference food
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: White bread
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Diagnostic test: Cookie containing 0 g spirulina
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: Cookie containing 2.5 g spirulina
TThirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Experimental: Cookie containing 0 g spirulina
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: Glucose as reference food
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: White bread
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Diagnostic test: Cookie containing 0 g spirulina
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: Cookie containing 2.5 g spirulina
TThirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Experimental: Cookie containing 2.5 g spirulina
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: Glucose as reference food
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: White bread
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Diagnostic test: Cookie containing 0 g spirulina
Thirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.
Other: Cookie containing 2.5 g spirulina
TThirteen healthy participants (male: 4, female: 9) after 10-14h fast, consumed 50 g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, in different visits as reference food, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from white bread, tested two times; and 50 g available carbohydrates from cookies containing 0 and 2.5g spirulina, tested once, in different visits, along with 250 mL water. There was a washout period of at least two days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min postmeal. The first glucose and salivary insulin sample were taken exactly 15 min after the first bite of food or drink.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Capillary blood glucose responses
Time Frame: 2 hours
Clinically useful change in blood glucose, defined as the restoration of glucose within normal limits during the 2 hr glucose tolerance test
2 hours

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Salivary insulin responses
Time Frame: 2 hours
Clinically useful change in salivary insulin, defined as the restoration of insulin within normal limits during the 2hr glucose tolerance test
2 hours

Other Outcome Measures

Other Outcome Measures

For clinical trials, a planned measurement described in the protocol that is used to determine the effect of an intervention/treatment on participants. For observational studies, a measurement or observation that is used to describe patterns of diseases or traits, or associations with exposures, risk factors, or treatment. Types of outcome measures include primary outcome measure and secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Subjective appetite ratings
Time Frame: 2 hours
Useful change in subjective appetite using visual analogue scales with a score 0 to 10 (given in the form of booklet, one scale per page) at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The minimum or maximum score will be evaluated if it is better or worse depending on the appetite variable e.g. hunger, satiety, desire to eat etc
2 hours
Blood pressure
Time Frame: 2 hours
Useful change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and 2hr after consumption of the cookie products
2 hours

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Agricultural University of Athens

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
January 15, 2022

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
February 28, 2022

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
March 2, 2022

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
July 30, 2022

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 30, 2022

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 2, 2022

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
August 2, 2022

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 30, 2022

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
July 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • HRBD 50 12/10/2021

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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