Artificial Intelligence-assisted Insulin System in Type 2 Diabetes in General Wards

June 18, 2026 updated by: Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital

Efficacy and Safety of the Artificial Intelligence-assisted Insulin Dose Adjustment System for Glycaemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in General Wards: a Multicentre, Single-blind, Randomised Controlled Study

Our study was a single-blind, randomised, controlled, multicentre study. The study was planned to enrol 142 patients with T2DM admitted to general wards who required subcutaneous insulin therapy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups in the ratio of 1:1, one group with an artificial intelligence-assisted insulin decision system to adjust insulin doses for blood glucose control, and the other group received clinician-instituted insulin dose adjustments for blood glucose control. The effectiveness and safety of the system was confirmed by comparing the glycaemic control and risk of adverse events between the two groups.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Our study was a single-blind, randomised, controlled, multicentre study. The study was planned to enrol 142 patients with T2DM admitted to the general ward who required subcutaneous insulin therapy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups in the ratio of 1:1, one group with an artificial intelligence-assisted insulin decision system to adjust insulin doses for blood glucose control, and the other group received clinician-instituted insulin dose adjustments for blood glucose control. The effectiveness and safety of the system was confirmed by comparing the glycaemic control and risk of adverse events between the two groups.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
144

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • China
    • Shanghai Municipality
      • Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China, 200032
        • Zhongshan hospital, Fudan university

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus > 3 months
  • Age≥18 years old
  • Receiving glucose-lowering management for at least 90 days
  • Blood glucose:7.8-22.2 mmol/L
  • Length of proposed hospitalisation ≥5 days.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus, other special types of diabetes mellitus
  • BG>22.2 mmol/L, or acute complications of diabetes, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic hyperosmolar state
  • History of severe or repeated hypoglycaemia
  • BMI≥45 kg/m2
  • Pregnant and lactating women
  • Clinically relevant liver disease (established cirrhosis and portal hypertension)
  • Presence of severe renal disease (serum creatinine ≥3.0 mg/dL or estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min/1.73 m2)
  • Severe cardiac insufficiency
  • Patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy (equivalent to a prednisone dose >5 mg/day)
  • Psychiatric abnormalities or impaired cognitive function
  • Patients with severe oedema, infection, or peripheral blood circulation disorder
  • Patients with severe illness or patients to be transferred to ICU for treatment
  • Surgery of the heart or abdomen that may have a significant impact on the test is planned during hospitalisation
  • Expected to be NPO for an extended period
  • Any medical or psychological conditions, or medications that, in the doctor's judgment, could interfere with the results
  • Subjects who cannot comply with the protocol.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: AI group
AI-assisted insulin dosage adjustment
Device: AI-assisted insulin dose adjustment model
We use an artificial intelligence-assisted insulin dose adjustment system to adjust insulin doses in hospitalised patients
Other Names:
  • the Artificial Intelligence-assisted Insulin Dose Adjustment System
Active Comparator: Doctor group
doctor adjust insulin
Other: doctor's insulin dose adjustment
participants' insulin doses are adjusted by doctors

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
time in target range (3.9-10.0 mmol/L )
Time Frame: ≥3 days
Proportion of time in the target glucose range (TIR; 3.9-10.0 mmol/L) measured by CGM during the intervention period.
≥3 days

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
insulin dosage
Time Frame: ≥3 days
insulin dosage
≥3 days
satisfaction score of doctors
Time Frame: after intervention
evaluated by questionnaire.
after intervention
Length of hospitalisation
Time Frame: ≥3 days
Length of hospitalisation
≥3 days
Other/Serious Adverse Events
Time Frame: ≥3 days
Itchy skin, admission to ICU, death, etc.
≥3 days
sensor glucose
Time Frame: ≥3 days
Proportion of time during which sensor glucose levels are within the ranges (5.6-10.0mmol/L,10.1-13.9mmol/L, >13.9mmol/L,<3.0mmol/L, 3.0-3.8mmol/L), as measured by CGM during the intervention period
≥3 days
capillary blood glucose
Time Frame: ≥3 days
pre-breakfast, pre-lunch, pre-dinner, pre-bedtime
≥3 days
hypoglycaemic event
Time Frame: ≥3 days
capillary blood glucose<3.9 mmol/L, <3.0 mmol/L, < 2.2 mmol/L or an episode that requires of assistance of another person
≥3 days
hyperglycaemic event
Time Frame: ≥3 days
capillary blood glucose>20.0 mmol/L, and/or ketoacidosis, and/or hyperosmotic status.
≥3 days

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
April 19, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
September 20, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
September 20, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 13, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 13, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 20, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
June 23, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 18, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
December 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 20240115023245436

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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