Whole-slide Image and CT Radiomics Based Deep Learning System for Prognostication Prediction in Bladder Cancer

November 5, 2026 updated by: Mingzhao Xiao

Bladder cancer (BLCA), with its diverse histopathological features and varying patient outcomes, poses significant challenges in diagnosis and prognosis. Postoperative survival stratification based on radiomics feature and whole slide image feature may be useful for treatment decisions to improve prognosis. In this research, we aim to develop a deep learning-based prognostic-stratification system for automatic prediction of overall and cancer-specific survival in patients with BLCA.This observational study evaluates a deep learning system that combines CT images and digitized pathology slides to predict outcomes in patients with bladder cancer. It includes a retrospective cohort and a prospective cohort of newly enrolled patients. The prospective cohort will assess the system in patients enrolled during (2024-2026), with follow-up for survival and recurrence.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Study structure The study includes an initial retrospective phase and a subsequent prospective observational phase involving newly enrolled patients. The two phases are analyzed separately according to the specified analysis plan.

Retrospective phase The retrospective phase included patients from [2012-2024] and was used for model construction. Results from this phase were reported in npj series.

Prospective phase Enrollment of newly recruited patients began on [2024]. The prospective phase follows protocol, with ethics approval from the first affliated hospital of chongqing medical, university. Recruitment is consecutive, as specified in the protocol.

Model evaluation The prospective cohort is used for validation. The model version, preprocessing procedures and prediction thresholds used in this phase. Any model updating using this cohort is documented separately.

Registry update This update distinguishes the retrospective phase from the subsequently enrolled cohort. The prospective phase enrollment dates and the dates of protocol development and ethics approval are reported separately.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
2000

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • China
    • Chongqing Municipality
      • Chongqing, Chongqing Municipality, China, 400016
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
        • Contact:
        • Contact:

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

We included patients who had surgery only or who had neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery. We excluded patients with a postoperative diagnosis of non-urothelial carcinoma.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • patients with bladder cancer who had surgery like radical cystectomy or transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)
  • contrast-CT scan less than two weeks before surgery
  • complete CT image data and clinical data
  • complete whole slide image data

Exclusion Criteria:

  • patients with a postoperative diagnosis of non-urothelial carcinoma
  • poor quality of CT images

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Observational Models: COHORT
  • Time Perspectives: OTHER

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Retrospective cohort

Patients with bladder cancer included in the retrospective phase of the study, using clinical records, CT images, and whole-slide images obtained during [2012-2024]. This cohort was used for model development and/or validation and was reported in our npj publications.
Other: Deep learning system for prognostication prediction in bladder cancer

develop and validate a deep learning system for prognostication prediction in bladder cancer based on CT radiomics and whole slide images.
Prospective cohort of newly enrolled patients

Newly enrolled patients with bladder cancer recruited at four centers between 2024 and2026. Eligibility is assessed at enrollment, and participants are followed according to protocol version and date for the study outcomes. This cohort is distinct from the previously reported retrospective cohort.
Other: Deep learning system for prognostication prediction in bladder cancer

develop and validate a deep learning system for prognostication prediction in bladder cancer based on CT radiomics and whole slide images.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Overall survival
Time Frame: up to 10 years

the time from the date of surgery to death from any cause or the date of last contact (censored observation) at the date of data cut-off.
up to 10 years

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Recurrence free survival
Time Frame: up to 10 years

the time from the date of surgery to the date of first documented disease recurrence. Patients without recurrence at the time of analysis will be censored
up to 10 years
progression-free survival
Time Frame: up to 10 years

The length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse. In a clinical trial, measuring the progression-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. Also called PFS.
up to 10 years

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Mingzhao Xiao

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
January 1, 2024

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
December 1, 2027

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
April 25, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 26, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
April 29, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
November 9, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 5, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
November 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • BLCA_CMUFH
  • K2024-187-01 (Other Identifier: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

The datasets analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to the privacy of patients but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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