Effect of Motor Imagery Ability on Functionality and Proprioception in Amputees Using Myoelectric Prostheses"

July 11, 2026 updated by: Ayse Yazgan, Medipol University

Investigation of the Effect of Motor Imagery Ability on Upper Extremity Functionality and Proprioception in Transradial Amputees Using Myoelectric Prostheses

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the motor imagery ability in transradial amputees using myoelectric prosthesis, compare it with the control group and investigate its effect on functionality and proprioception.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

In the sensory and motor homunculus, the upper extremity, especially the hand, areas cover a larger area. Morphological changes occur in the body in amputees due to upper extremity amputation. In addition, neural restructuring occurs due to the lack of sensory input and visual feedback. These neurophysiological changes experienced in amputees affect the cortical areas of the brain. This situation can also negatively affect motor imagery ability. For this reason, upper extremity prosthesis systems with different control mechanisms have been developed. In one of the developed systems, myoelectric prostheses, since the signals received with electrodes due to muscle contraction provide sensory input to amputees, known that it increases synaptic sprouting in the brain and improves motor imagery ability. There are studies that use motor imagery in stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, postoperative anterior cruciate ligament injuries, cervical and lumbar region pain problems. In addition, it focused on motor imagery after amputation and emphasized that the evidence on whether motor imagery ability is impaired in amputees is not sufficient. In a study, it was found that the use of upper extremity prosthesis increases the hand mental rotation ability and this situation is related to the body integrity of amputees with the use of prosthesis. After investigatorsexamination and screening, to the best of investigators knowledge, no study was found that evaluated the motor imagery ability of transradial amputees using myoelectric controlled prosthesis and examined its effect on functionality. Therefore, the aim of investigators study is to evaluate the motor imagery ability in transradial amputees using myoelectric prosthesis, compare it with the control group and investigate its effect on functionality and proprioception. Transradial amputees using myoelectric prosthesis and the control group (healthy individuals) between the ages of 22-65 will be included in the study. Demographic information of all participants to be included in the study will be recorded with the "Case Assessment Form". Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT) to evaluate the cognitive status of individuals, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to evaluate depression symptoms, Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 to evaluate motor imagery ability, Mental Chronometry Test (MKT) measuring motor imagery time, "Orientate" mobile application to evaluate hand mental rotation task performance, Box and Block Test to evaluate gross motor hand skills and functionality, Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test (JTEFT) to measure upper extremity functions,Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) for upper extremity functional assessment, Modified Functional Reach Test (MFUT) to measure dynamic balance of the trunk, and Joint Position Sense measurement to evaluate proprioceptive sense will be used. All data will be evaluated by statistical analysis methods.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
30

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Beykoz
      • Istanbul, Beykoz, Turkey (Türkiye), 34158
        • Istanbul Medipol University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Probability Sample

Study Population

Being an amputee using a unilateral transradial and myoelectric prosthesis and control group

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Amputee group inclusion criteria

  • Being an amputee using a unilateral transradial and myoelectric prosthesis
  • Having at least 6 months of prosthesis experience
  • Having a maximum score of 15 on the Beck Depression Inventory
  • Having a minimum score of 26 on the Standardized Mini Mental Test
  • Being willing to participate in the study

Control Group inclusion criteria

  • Being between the ages of 18-65
  • Having a minimum score of 26 on the Standardized Mini Mental Test
  • Having signed the Informed Voluntary Consent Form
  • Having a maximum score of 15 on the Beck Depression Inventory
  • Being literate

Exclusion Criteria:

Amputee group exclusion criteria

  • Having another physical problem other than amputation
  • Having a diagnosed cognitive disorder
  • Not being able to read or write

Exclusion criteria for the control group from the study

  • Having any neurological, orthopedic, psychological (such as schizophrenia, psychosis) and systemic problems
  • Having an unchangeable visual or auditory disability

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Transradial Amputees Using Myoelectric Prosthesis
The Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT) will be used to assess the cognitive status of individuals, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess depression symptoms, the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 to assess motor imagery ability, the Mental Chronometry Test (MKT) to measure motor imagery time, the mobile application called "Orientate" to assess hand mental rotation task performance, the Box and Block Test to assess gross motor dexterity and functionality, the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test (JTEFT) to assess fine and gross motor functions of the hand, the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) for upper extremity functional assessment, the Modified Functional Reach Test (MFUT) to measure the dynamic balance of the trunk and the Joint Position Sense measurement to assess proprioceptive sense.
Other: No intervention
Control Healthy Group
The Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT) will be used to assess the cognitive status of individuals, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess depression symptoms, the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 to assess motor imagery ability, the Mental Chronometry Test (MKT) to measure motor imagery time, the mobile application called "Orientate" to assess hand mental rotation task performance, the Box and Block Test to assess gross motor dexterity and functionality, the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test (JTEFT) to assess fine and gross motor functions of the hand, the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) for upper extremity functional assessment, the Modified Functional Reach Test (MFUT) to measure the dynamic balance of the trunk and the Joint Position Sense measurement to assess proprioceptive sense.
Other: No intervention

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Movement Imagination Questionnaire-3
Time Frame: immediately after screening
In order to determine the imagery ability of all individuals included in the amputee and control groups, the "Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3" developed and validated and validated in Turkish will be used (internal consistency coefficient: 0.87). With the 12 items in this questionnaire, internal visual imagery, external visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery abilities will be assessed through four actions each. The actions will be actively performed by the individuals at the beginning. Then, they were asked to perform these actions as mental tasks. These mental tasks were scored using a seven-point Likert scale (1: very difficult to see, feel; 7: very easy to see, feel). In the calculation of the score, the average score of the four relevant actions will be taken for each of the three sub-dimensions.
immediately after screening

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Mental Chronometry Test
Time Frame: immediately after screening
It is known as another method that can be used to evaluate motor imagery ability. Mental chronometry is based on the principle of comparing the time it takes to perform a movement with the time it takes to mentally image the same movement. This test provides more objective results than survey applications. The Mental Chronometry test will be evaluated in investigators study with the help of the Box and Block Test. Participants will be asked to imagine this task after performing the box block test performance. The time required to collect 15 blocks will be recorded, unlike the normal procedure of the box block test. Purpose is evaluate mental chronometry ability rather than gross manual dexterity.
immediately after screening
Orientate Mobile Application
Time Frame: immediately after screening
It is used for the purpose of evaluating mental rotation. It is based on the principle of showing individuals hand images from different angles with the application. There are a total of 25 hand images for the test. Participants will be asked to sit comfortably in a chair in front of a table and the mobile application will be opened and the test will be applied. Participants will be asked to decide which of the images is the right and which is the left hand photo as soon as possible. At the end of the test, the application will show the number of correct answers, the number of incorrect answers, the number of missed answers and the time to complete the test. The accuracy rates will also be recorded by comparing the number of correct answers to the total number of images.
immediately after screening
Box and Block Test
Time Frame: immediately after screening
The box and block test is a method used to evaluate gross motor skills and measure functionality. For the test, 150 blocks with dimensions of 2.5 cm and a box divided into two compartments are used. Participants will be asked to take the blocks one by one from the box consisting of two compartments on a table and see how many blocks they can put into the empty compartment placed in the other compartment in 60 seconds, and the results will be noted. In order for the evaluation to be accurate, the process will be repeated three times and the average of the recorded evaluation will be taken.
immediately after screening
Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test (JTEFT)
Time Frame: immediately after screening
It is a performance-based test developed in 1969 that includes movements in daily life activities. It includes different types of grip and evaluates the speed of individuals in these tasks. The materials for the test are standardized and can be easily accessed in the clinic. Participants will be asked to do 7 different tasks in the test content. These tasks are writing, turning cards, picking up objects, eating, stacking checkers, picking up light wide objects and picking up heavy wide objects. Participants will be asked to do each task separately with both hands. The test score will be calculated by recording the time it takes for participants to complete the tasks.
immediately after screening
Modified Functional Reach Test (MFUT)
Time Frame: immediately after screening
It is a test developed to evaluate the dynamic balance and functionality of the trunk. The distance the trunk can extend forward and sideways without losing balance in a sitting position is measured. The participants will be measured next to a wall with participants ankles, knees, and hips at 90° flexion and participants feet in full contact with the ground. In the relevant position, the arm will be extended parallel to the wall, then extended forward and sideways, and the distance in between will be recorded in cm with the help of a tape measure.
immediately after screening
Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH)
Time Frame: immediately after screening
It is a scale that measures the activity and participation limitations of the upper extremity. It is based on the principle of self-assessment of the results. In 2006, the validity and reliability study of the survey in Turkish was conducted. There are 11 questions in the survey. It aims to question the difficulties that individuals have during participants daily living activities. The answers are scored from good to bad on a Likert scale, with each answer being scored from 1 to 5. The survey has options such as 1 = no difficulty, 2 = mild difficulty, 3 = moderate difficulty, 4 = extreme difficulty, and 5 = unable to do at all.
immediately after screening
Joint Position Sense Measurement
Time Frame: immediately after screening
Joint position sense is evaluated with the aim of measuring the ability of a certain joint angle to be repeated in an individual. This measurement can be applied passively-actively or with eyes closed-open. This test reveals the acuity of defining a certain angle in joints. Considering the amputation level of transradial amputees included in investigators study, shoulder and elbow joint position sense of all participants will be measured.
immediately after screening

Other Outcome Measures

Other Outcome Measures

For clinical trials, a planned measurement described in the protocol that is used to determine the effect of an intervention/treatment on participants. For observational studies, a measurement or observation that is used to describe patterns of diseases or traits, or associations with exposures, risk factors, or treatment. Types of outcome measures include primary outcome measure and secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Beck Depression Inventory
Time Frame: immediately after screening
It is a special test designed to protect the level of the person and is available internationally. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the operation was carried out in 1988. The test consists of twenty-one items. Each maddening has 4 options as 0, 1, 2, 3. Participants are allowed to accumulate one point for all items. The total maximum score is 63. It is stated that the increase in the total score is heavy. While the score between 0-9 points is normal, 10-16 points are resistant to light violence, 17-29 points are resistant to moderate violence and 30-63 points are resistant to severe violence. People who earn a maximum of 15 points are included in investigators study.
immediately after screening
Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT)
Time Frame: immediately after screening
It is an assessment scale used to obtain information about the individual's individual functioning status. It was first published in 1997. It consists of thirty questions calculated out of 30 points. It is a test that evaluates cognitive status by measuring cognitive functions such as attention-gathering ability, recall, orientation, calculation, speaking, comprehension, reading, writing, memory, and drawing skills. SMMT will be added to the assessment process as an inclusion criterion, not as an outcome measure in investigators study. The highest score that can be obtained from the scale in total is 30 points. People with a score of 26 and above are considered to have normal cognitive levels.
immediately after screening

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Medipol University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Study Director: Ayşe Yazgan, https://www.medipol.edu.tr/

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
June 1, 2025

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 1, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
June 15, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
August 1, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 6, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 7, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
July 14, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 11, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
July 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • MedipolU-OP-AY-01

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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