Paraclinical Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment in Type 2 Diabetes

January 22, 2026 updated by: Elif Azize Özşahin Delibaş, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Paraclinical Assessment of Cardiometabolic Risk Based on Novel Biochemical İndices in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin action and increased cardiometabolic risk. Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and dyslipidemia play key roles in the development of cardiovascular disease in individuals with T2DM. In this context, simple, rapid, and cost-effective biomarkers are increasingly important for risk assessment. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a practical indicator of insulin resistance, while the Atherogenic Plasma Index (API) reflects cardiovascular risk related to dyslipidemia. The Systemic Immune Inflammation Index (SII), derived from routine blood counts, serves as a marker of systemic inflammation. This study aims to evaluate the predictive value of TyG, API, and SII in assessing insulin resistance, cardiometabolic risk, and inflammation in patients with T2DM, thereby supporting early diagnosis and improved clinical management.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Detailed Description

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to adequately utilize essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, as a result of insulin deficiency and/or impaired insulin action. In individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors and visceral adiposity is of critical importance. Excess visceral fat is closely associated with increased insulin resistance and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, reflecting the well-established relationship between cardiometabolic disorders and adiposity. Moreover, excessive body fat accumulation contributes to a chronic low-grade systemic inflammatory state, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. When metabolic syndrome coexists with dyslipidemia, the risk of cardiovascular disease is further amplified.

In this context, the availability of biomarkers that are easy to apply, rapidly measurable, and cost-effective is of considerable clinical relevance. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has emerged as a practical and reliable parameter for the assessment of insulin resistance. This index is calculated using fasting plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations, which are routinely measured and widely accessible laboratory parameters. The TyG index provides valuable insight into metabolic disturbances related to insulin resistance and its potential association with cardiovascular disease. The Systemic Immune Inflammation Index (SII) is another emerging biomarker derived from peripheral blood cell counts, calculated using lymphocyte (L), platelet (P), and neutrophil (N) values, and reflects the balance between inflammatory and immune responses. In addition, the Atherogenic Plasma Index (API) serves as an indicator of atherogenic dyslipidemia and may offer information regarding the severity of insulin resistance associated with impaired glucose metabolism, as well as its relationship with cardiovascular risk.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the TyG index as a predictor of insulin resistance, the API as a marker of cardiovascular risk, and the SII as a significant indicator of systemic inflammation in patients diagnosed with T2DM. These novel biochemical indices may facilitate early risk stratification, improve treatment planning, and ultimately contribute to more effective clinical management of individuals with T2DM.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
2188

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
      • Tokat Province, Turkey (Türkiye), 60250
        • Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Health Research and Application Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sampling Method

Probability Sample

Study Population

Adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes attending the Department of Internal Medicine at Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Hospital during the study period will constitute the study population. Enrollment will be limited to individuals who meet the eligibility criteria and provide written informed consent.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Having a diagnosis of T2DM
  • Having a diagnosis of prediabetes
  • Being between 18 and 65 years of age.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Having any other chronic disease accompanying T2DM/prediabetes
  • Receiving hormone therapy
  • Using lipid-lowering agents
  • Being pregnant/breastfeeding
  • Having an acute infection
  • Having any malignant/inflammatory disease

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Group
Participants diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who were included for baseline data collection.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Outcome Measure Title: Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG indice)
Time Frame: Description: Calculated using fasting glucose and triglyceride levels. Time Frame: At baseline Unit of Measure: Index value Calculated from hematological and biochemical results obtained by trained staff.
TyG index: ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)] / 2
Description: Calculated using fasting glucose and triglyceride levels. Time Frame: At baseline Unit of Measure: Index value Calculated from hematological and biochemical results obtained by trained staff.
Outcome Measure Title: Atherogenic Plasma Index (API)
Time Frame: Description: Calculated using HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Time Frame: At baseline Unit of Measure: Index value Calculated from hematological and biochemical results obtained by trained staff.
API: log [triglycerides (mg/dL) / HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)]
Description: Calculated using HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Time Frame: At baseline Unit of Measure: Index value Calculated from hematological and biochemical results obtained by trained staff.
Outcome Measure Title: Systemic Immuno-Inflammation Index (SII)
Time Frame: Description: Calculated using platelet count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count. Time Frame: At baseline Unit of Measure: Index value Calculated from hematological and biochemical results obtained by trained staff.
SII = Platelet count x Neutrophil count / Lymphocyte count
Description: Calculated using platelet count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count. Time Frame: At baseline Unit of Measure: Index value Calculated from hematological and biochemical results obtained by trained staff.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Elif A Delibaş, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
March 1, 2025

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
November 15, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 15, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
January 8, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 22, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
January 23, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
January 23, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 22, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 25-MOBAEK-042

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

Cookie Settings

We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. For more details carefully read our Privacy and Cookies Policy. ...>>>You can change your preferences or withdraw your consent at any time by deleting the cookies from your website or computer as described in the policy. Please accept it and choose your preferences by ticking the corresponding boxes in the "Manage Settings" section below. Please carefully read our Terms of Service before you proceed with using any part of this website.
«Manage Settings