Effects of Kahoot-Based Learning on Anxiety, Stress Coping, and Motivation in Physiotherapy Students

July 3, 2026 updated by: Elif Durgut, Bezmialem Vakif University

Effects of Kahoot-Based Learning on Students' Anxiety, Stress Coping, and Motivation: A Comparative Study in Physiotherapy Education

This randomized controlled study aimed to investigate the effects of Kahoot-based learning on anxiety, stress coping, and motivation levels in physiotherapy and rehabilitation students. Participants were randomly assigned to either a Kahoot-based assessment group or a traditional paper-based assessment group. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline and after a 4-week intervention period.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
131

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion criteria:

  • enrollment in the specified courses,
  • voluntary participation,
  • age ≥18 years,
  • absence of neurological, psychiatric, or systemic disorders,
  • proficiency in the Turkish language.

Exclusion criteria:

  • included the inability to attend face-to-face classes or quiz sessions,
  • any medical or personal condition preventing participation, or incomplete assessment data.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: Control Group
Behavioral: Paper-based learning
Participants completed quizzes using traditional paper-based methods at the end of each lesson during the 4-week intervention period. Each session included 5-10 multiple-choice questions, and feedback was provided after completion of the quiz.
Experimental: Kahoot Group
Behavioral: Kahoot-based learning
Participants completed quizzes using the Kahoot! platform at the end of each lesson during the 4-week intervention period. Each session included 5-10 multiple-choice questions, and immediate feedback was provided following each response. The intervention aimed to enhance engagement through interactive and gamified learning.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Test Anxiety (Test Anxiety Scale)
Time Frame: Baseline and after 4 weeks
Test anxiety will be assessed using the 34-item Test Anxiety Scale developed by Bahçeci. The scale assesses the cognitive, emotional, and physiological dimensions of test anxiety. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("Never") to 5 ("Always"), yielding a total score between 34 and 170. Higher scores indicate greater levels of test anxiety.
Baseline and after 4 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Trait Anxiety Level (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI-Trait)
Time Frame: Baseline and after 4 weeks
Trait anxiety will be assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Trait), a validated 20-item scale measuring general anxiety disposition. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.
Baseline and after 4 weeks
State Anxiety Level (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI-State)
Time Frame: Baseline and after 4 weeks
State anxiety levels will be assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State), a validated 20-item self-report scale measuring situational anxiety. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.
Baseline and after 4 weeks
Learning Motivation (Instructional Materials Motivation Survey - IMMS)
Time Frame: At the post-test assessment (after 4 weeks)
Learning motivation will be evaluated using the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS), a 14-item validated instrument assessing motivation related to instructional materials. Higher scores indicate greater motivation.
At the post-test assessment (after 4 weeks)
Coping with Stress Inventory (CSI)
Time Frame: Baseline and after 4 weeks
Stress coping strategies were assessed using the 43-item Coping with Stress Inventory (CSI). The inventory includes six coping dimensions: active planning, seeking external support, religious coping, emotional-behavioral disengagement, biochemical disengagement, and cognitive restructuring. Although the inventory has a multidimensional structure, the total CSI score was used for statistical analyses to represent participants' overall use of coping strategies. Higher total scores indicate more frequent use of coping strategies.
Baseline and after 4 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Bezmialem Vakif University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 15, 2025

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
December 15, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 15, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
April 21, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 21, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
April 28, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
July 7, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 3, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • bvuedurgut02

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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