Visual Training Effects in Esports Players

April 30, 2026 updated by: Ebru Tekin, Balikesir University

The Effect of Web-Based Visual Training on Balance, Reaction Time, and Cognitive Function in Professional Esports Players

This randomized controlled study aims to investigate the acute effects of a single session of web-based visual training on balance, reaction time, and cognitive function in professional e-sports players. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a web-based visual training group or a control group. The intervention group will receive a single approximately 25-minute session including eye relaxation, eye movement exercises, convergence-divergence, accommodation, figure-ground perception, and visual attention exercises. The control group will receive no intervention. Balance, reaction time, and cognitive function will be assessed at baseline and immediately after the intervention.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
30

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Bigadiç
      • Balıkesir, Bigadiç, Turkey (Türkiye)
        • Balikesir University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Aged between 12 and 30 years
  • Living in Balıkesir, Türkiye
  • Professional e-sports player
  • At least 2 years of regular e-sports training and/or participation in competitions Willing to participate and provide informed consent (parental consent required for participants under 18 years)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosis of attention deficit disorder
  • Presence of vestibular disorders affecting balance
  • History of lower extremity injury within the last 6 months

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
No Intervention: Control group
Experimental: Single-Session Web-Based Visual Training
Behavioral: Web-Based Visual Training
Participants received a single session of web-based visual training lasting approximately 25 minutes. The session included eye relaxation, eye movement exercises, convergence-divergence, accommodation, figure-ground perception, and visual attention exercises.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Reaction Time
Time Frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention
Reaction time will be measured using an LED-based system. The average reaction time (ms) and the number of correct responses will be recorded.
Baseline and immediately post-intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Balance
Time Frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention
Balance will be assessed using the One-Leg Balance Test. The duration of maintaining single-leg stance will be recorded.
Baseline and immediately post-intervention
Cognitive Function
Time Frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention
Cognitive function will be assessed through selective attention performance during the LED-based reaction task. The number of correct responses will be recorded.
Baseline and immediately post-intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Balikesir University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

  • Zhang, W., Wang, X., Li, X., et al. (2023). Effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive function in e-athletes: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 102(40), e35108. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035108
  • Ünver, F., Özkan, F., & Ülkar, B. (2005). Ön çapraz bağ tamiri yapılan kişilerde postüral kontrolün incelenmesi. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon, 16(1), 17-24.
  • Sainz, I., Collado-Mateo, D., & Del Coso, J. (2020). Effect of acute caffeine intake on hit accuracy and reaction time in professional e-sports players. Physiology & Behavior, 224, 113031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113031
  • Rossoni, A., Vecchiato, M., Brugin, E., et al. (2023). The esports medicine: Pre-participation screening and injuries management-An update. Sports, 11(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11020034
  • Pappas, C., Turner, T., Wulf, G., & Ketcham, C. J. (2019). Reaction time and cognitive control mechanisms among esports athletes: Evidence for a training advantage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 41, 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.008
  • Nagorsky, E., & Wiemeyer, J. (2020). The structure of performance and training in esports. PLoS One, 15(8), e0237584. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237584
  • Lachowicz, M., Żurek, A., Jamro, D., Serweta-Pawlik, A., & Żurek, G. (2024). Changes in concentration performance and alternating attention after short-term virtual reality training in e-athletes: A pilot study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8904. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58904-6
  • Khanal, S. (2015). Impact of visual skills training on sports performance: Current and future perspectives. Advances in Ophthalmology and Visual System, 2(1), 32.
  • Karrer, T. M., McDonnell, J. V., & Bavelier, D. (2020). Action video gaming and its impact on cognition: A systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 128-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000220
  • Jeon, S., Kim, Y., & Park, H. (2022). Perceptual-motor abilities of professional esports gamers and amateurs. Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports, 1(1), 49-61.
  • Janković, D., Čvorović, A., Dopsaj, M., Prćić, I., & Kukić, F. (2022). Effects of the task complexity on the single movement response time of upper and lower limbs in police officers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8695. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148695
  • Franks, R. R., King, D., Bodine, W., Chisari, E., Heller, A., Jamal, F. IV, Luksch, J., Quinn, K., Singh, R., & Solomon, M. (2022). AOASM position statement on esports, active video gaming, and the role of the sports medicine physician. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 32, e221-e229. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000991
  • Bavelier, D., & Green, C. S. (2019). Enhancing attention and cognitive control in video game players. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(4), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.009
  • Barnett, A. (2018). Vision skills that boost esports performance. Vizual Edge.

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
March 15, 2026

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
March 29, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
April 28, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
April 30, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 30, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
May 6, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
May 6, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 30, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 2026/48

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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