Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Based Psychoeducation Program on Internet Addiction and Academic Procrastination Tendency in Nursing Students

June 28, 2026 updated by: Ümmühan Dikililer, Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi

The Effect of a Cognitive Behavioral Based Psychoeducation Program on Internet Addiction and Academic Procrastination Tendency Among Nursing Students

This randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral approach-based psychoeducation program on internet addiction and academic procrastination tendency among undergraduate nursing students.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Internet addiction and academic procrastination tendency are increasingly common problems among university students and may negatively affect academic performance, psychological well-being, and professional development. Nursing students are considered a high-risk group due to intensive academic workload and frequent exposure to digital technologies. Cognitive behavioral approaches are widely used in addressing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors associated with problematic internet use and procrastination; however, evidence regarding structured psychoeducation programs based on this approach among nursing students is limited.

This randomized controlled experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up design was conducted between November 2025 and January 2026 at the Faculty of Nursing of a public university in Ankara, Türkiye. The study population consisted of undergraduate nursing students, and a total of 56 participants were included, with 28 assigned to the intervention group and 28 to the control group through random allocation.

The intervention group received a cognitive behavioral approach-based psychoeducation program consisting of eight weekly sessions. Each session lasted 90 minutes and was delivered face-to-face in a group format. For implementation purposes, the intervention group was divided into three smaller subgroups. The program focused on increasing awareness of internet use behaviors, identifying cognitive distortions, developing time management skills, and improving coping strategies. The control group did not receive any intervention during the study period.

Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form, and the Academic Procrastination Tendency Scale. Measurements were obtained at three time points: baseline (pre-test), immediately after the intervention (post-test), and one month after the intervention (follow-up). In the control group, assessments were conducted in parallel with the intervention group.

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 22.0. Normality of data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Depending on the distribution characteristics, independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used. Post-hoc analyses with Bonferroni correction were applied where appropriate. Statistical significance was set at p<0,05.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
56

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
      • Ankara, Turkey (Türkiye), 06010
        • Health Sciences University Gülhane Faculty of Nursing

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Aged 18 years or older
  • Being enrolled as a nursing student in a Faculty of Nursing
  • Willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Having a diagnosed psychiatric disorder
  • Being currently under psychological intervention (e.g., psychoeducation, psychotherapy) or psychiatric treatment

Participant Discontinuation Criteria (Withdrawal Criteria):

  • Incomplete or incorrectly completed data collection forms
  • Missing two consecutive intervention sessions
  • Receiving a psychiatric diagnosis during the study period

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Intervention Group

Participants in the intervention group received an eight-session cognitive behavioral approach-based psychoeducation program. The program was delivered face-to-face once a week in 90-minute group sessions. Participants were divided into three small subgroups for implementation.

This program was structured to enhance participants' awareness of emotions and thoughts and to develop skills in identifying and managing automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions. In addition to theoretical content, the program included practical activities based on a cognitive behavioral approach. It also incorporated relaxation exercises and training aimed at improving problem-solving and time management skills.
Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Approach-Based Psychoeducation Program

A structured cognitive behavioral psychoeducation program was implemented. The program focused on enhancing awareness of emotions and thoughts, identifying and managing automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions, and improving coping skills.

Each session included a brief mood check, review of the previous session, feedback on homework assignments, and structured psychoeducational activities. At the end of each session, new homework was assigned and the session was summarized.

The intervention incorporated cognitive restructuring exercises, relaxation techniques, problem-solving strategies, and time management training. The program aimed to reduce internet addiction and academic procrastination tendency among nursing students.
No Intervention: Control Group
Participants in the control group did not receive any intervention during the study period. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and one-month follow-up in parallel with the intervention group.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Internet Addiction Severity Assessed by Young Internet Addiction Test - Short Form
Time Frame: Baseline, week 8 (post-intervention), and 1-month follow-up
Internet addiction severity was measured using the Young Internet Addiction Test - Short Form, a 12-item Likert-type scale. The total score ranges from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater levels of internet addiction severity.
Baseline, week 8 (post-intervention), and 1-month follow-up
Academic Procrastination Tendency Assessed by Academic Procrastination Scale
Time Frame: Baseline, week 8 (post-intervention), and 1-month follow-up
Academic procrastination tendency was measured using a 16-item Likert-type Academic Procrastination Scale. The total score ranges from 16 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater academic procrastination tendency.
Baseline, week 8 (post-intervention), and 1-month follow-up

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Emine Öksüz, PhD, Health Sciences University Hamidiye Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul, Turkey

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

  • Young KS; Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder; CyberPsychology & Behavior; 1998; 1; 237-244
  • Balkıs M; Öğretmen adaylarının davranışlarındaki erteleme eğiliminin düşünme ve karar verme tarzları ile ilişkisi; Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi; 2006; Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi
  • Aitken M E; A personality profile of the college student procrastinator; University of Pittsburgh; 1982; Dissertation Abstracts International; 43; 722
  • Kutlu M, Savci M, Demir Y, Aysan F; Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi Kısa Formu'nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Üniversite öğrencileri ve ergenlerde geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması; Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2016; 17; 69-76
  • Pawlikowski M, Altstötter-Gleich C, Brand M; Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young's Internet Addiction Test; Computers in Human Behavior; 2013; 29; 1212-1223

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
November 1, 2025

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
January 31, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
January 31, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
June 28, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 28, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
July 6, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
July 6, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 28, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
June 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 2025-28

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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