Application of the Four-Dimensional Driven Teaching Model (Version 3) to Anesthesia Training

July 27, 2026 updated by: Cui yanghai, China International Neuroscience Institution

Application of the Four-Dimensional Driven Teaching Model (Version 3) to Anesthesia Training: A Multicenter Study

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the "Visual-Auditory-Tactile-Numerical" (VANT) four-dimensional integrated teaching model improves clinical thinking and decision-making skills in second-year anesthesia residents. The main questions it aims to answer are:

  • Does the VANT teaching model improve structured clinical thinking scores (measured by the Anesthesia Clinical Thinking Process Scale) compared to traditional teaching methods?
  • Does the VANT teaching model enhance crisis management performance, including accuracy of primary management and critical decision time, in high-fidelity simulation scenarios?
  • Does the VANT teaching model lead to better long-term knowledge retention (at 1 month) and ability to apply learned skills to new clinical situations (at 3 months)? Researchers will compare the VANT four-dimensional integrated teaching group to a traditional structured teaching group to see if the VANT model produces greater improvements in clinical reasoning, crisis response, and knowledge transfer.

Participants will:

  • Complete a 4-week training program (16 credit hours total) in either the VANT group or the traditional teaching group
  • In the VANT group, engage in multisensory immersive learning involving visual displays (physiological curves and brain network animations), auditory case narratives, tactile manikin manipulation with real-time feedback, and numerical modeling using PK/PD simulation software
  • In the control group, participate in traditional structured teaching including theoretical lectures, case discussions, and simulation practice with basic feedback
  • Complete clinical thinking assessments before training, immediately after, and at 1 month and 3 months post-training
  • Participate in a high-fidelity crisis simulation scenario to evaluate real-time decision-making ability
  • Complete questionnaires about their learning experience and cognitive load

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the "Visual-Auditory-Tactile-Numerical" (VANT) four-dimensional integrated teaching model improves clinical thinking and decision-making skills in second-year anesthesia residents. The main questions it aims to answer are:

  • Does the VANT teaching model improve structured clinical thinking scores (measured by the Anesthesia Clinical Thinking Process Scale) compared to traditional teaching methods?
  • Does the VANT teaching model enhance crisis management performance, including accuracy of primary management and critical decision time, in high-fidelity simulation scenarios?
  • Does the VANT teaching model lead to better long-term knowledge retention (at 1 month) and ability to apply learned skills to new clinical situations (at 3 months)? Researchers will compare the VANT four-dimensional integrated teaching group to a traditional structured teaching group to see if the VANT model produces greater improvements in clinical reasoning, crisis response, and knowledge transfer.

Participants will:

  • Complete a 4-week training program (16 credit hours total) in either the VANT group or the traditional teaching group
  • In the VANT group, engage in multisensory immersive learning involving visual displays (physiological curves and brain network animations), auditory case narratives, tactile manikin manipulation with real-time feedback, and numerical modeling using PK/PD simulation software
  • In the control group, participate in traditional structured teaching including theoretical lectures, case discussions, and simulation practice with basic feedback
  • Complete clinical thinking assessments before training, immediately after, and at 1 month and 3 months post-training
  • Participate in a high-fidelity crisis simulation scenario to evaluate real-time decision-making ability
  • Complete questionnaires about their learning experience and cognitive load

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
40

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

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Study Contact

Study Contact

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Study Contact Backup

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • All participants were in their second year of standardized residency training in anesthesiology, had completed basic anesthesia rotations, and possessed fundamental operational skills suitable for advanced clinical thinking training.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • unwillingness to complete the full training and assessment protocol

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: VANT GROUP
(Four-Dimensional Integrated Immersive Teaching): The "Visual-Auditory-Numerical-Tactile" (VANT) four-dimensional driven teaching model was implemented in a dedicated immersive simulation classroom equipped with multimodal teaching devices. The teaching procedure followed the sequential order of the four dimensions: ① Visual Insight. ② Auditory Embedding. ③ Numerical Validation. ④Tactile Interaction
Other: VANT intervention
(Four-Dimensional Integrated Immersive Teaching): The "Visual-Auditory-Numerical-Tactile" (VANT) four-dimensional driven teaching model was implemented in a dedicated immersive simulation classroom equipped with multimodal teaching devices. The teaching procedure followed the sequential order of the four dimensions: ① Visual Insight. ② Auditory Embedding. ③ Numerical Validation. ④Tactile Interaction
Other Names:
  • Teaching model intervention
Active Comparator: Control Group
Control Group (Traditional Structured Teaching): This group adopted a structured teaching model consistent with most domestic anesthesia teaching practices, with total credit hours exactly matching the experimental group. The teaching content also centered on the same core case, the organizational format was:①Theoretical Lectures (4 hours).②Case Discussions (6 hours).③Simulation Practice (6 hours). The control group received a structured teaching model consistent with conventional didactic practice in our center, which follows a linear 'theory-discussion-practice' sequence without the integrated multisensory or real-time quantitative feedback loops.
Other: Traditional Structured Teaching intervention
This group adopted a structured teaching model consistent with most domestic anesthesia teaching practices, with total credit hours exactly matching the experimental group. The teaching content also centered on the same core case, the organizational format was:①Theoretical Lectures (4 hours).②Case Discussions (6 hours).③Simulation Practice (6 hours).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Assessment of Anesthesia Clinical Thinking Process
Time Frame: pre-teaching (baseline), immediately post-teaching, and one month post-teaching
A modified version of the Anesthesia Clinical Thinking Process Scale (ACTPS), which had been validated for reliability and validity (Cronbach's α = 0.873), was used to evaluate the clinical thinking process before the teaching session, immediately after, and at one month post-teaching. The scale consists of 12 items across four dimensions: breadth of information integration, depth of problem identification, reasonableness of plan generation, and comprehensiveness of expected and alternative plans. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale, with a total score of 84 converted to a percentage scale.
pre-teaching (baseline), immediately post-teaching, and one month post-teaching

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
High-Fidelity Scenario-Based Assessment：Accuracy rate of the primary response (whether the judgment and initial measures aligned with guidelines/expert consensus);
Time Frame: Immediately post-teaching
High-Fidelity Scenario-Based Assessment：Accuracy rate of the primary response (whether the judgment and initial measures aligned with guidelines/expert consensus);In high-fidelity scenarios, four critical decision points are established based on scenario-triggered events. Each decision point is scored independently according to the criteria below, with no mutual influence among them. The scores from the four decision points are summed to produce the "Integrated Management Competency Score" for the scenario (maximum score: 12 points). The final total score corresponds to a competency tier (e.g., 10-12 = Excellent, 7-9 = Proficient, 4-6 = Basic, 0-3 = Needs Improvement).
Immediately post-teaching
High-Fidelity Scenario-Based Assessment（Second）：Critical decision time (time from scenario start to the first correct intervention)
Time Frame: Immediately post-teaching
High-Fidelity Scenario-Based Assessment（Second）：Critical decision time (time from scenario start to the first correct intervention);Compare the times recorded by the timers in the two groups at the first measurement point.
Immediately post-teaching
Mid- to Long-Term Knowledge Retention and Transfer Application Testing：Knowledge retention rate
Time Frame: at 1 month and 3 months post-teaching
Knowledge retention rate: A closed-book test consisting of 20 standardized multiple-choice questions (1 point each, total 20 points), parallel in content to the teaching cases but with different scenarios, was administered at one month post-teaching. The retention rate was calculated as (actual score / maximum score × 100%).
at 1 month and 3 months post-teaching
Mid- to Long-Term Knowledge Retention and Transfer Application Testing：Transfer application ability
Time Frame: at 1 month and 3 months post-teaching
Transfer application ability at three months: A new virtual case not presented during teaching was introduced. Participants were required to complete four tasks: selection of monitoring indicators, design of anesthesia and analgesia regimens, planning of adverse event countermeasures, and justification for regimen adjustments (each task scored 0-25, total 100 points). Two senior clinicians blinded to group allocation independently rated the performance, and the average score was taken as the transfer application score.
at 1 month and 3 months post-teaching
Subjective Learning Experience and Cognitive Load
Time Frame: immediately post-teaching
The Paas Self-Rating Scale of Cognitive Load were used to measure participants' mental load, mental demand, and effort immediately after key teaching sessions.
immediately post-teaching

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
China International Neuroscience Institution

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
July 25, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
October 19, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
October 22, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
July 15, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 27, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
July 30, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
July 30, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 27, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
July 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • CINI -ZYLX-2026[0622]

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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