Exercise in the Fasted State, Glucose Metabolism and Energy Balance

The ability to control our blood glucose (sugar) concentrations after a meal is a strong predictor of the risk of disease. Our bodies respond to glucose ingestion by reducing the amount of glucose from the liver entering the bloodstream. At the same time muscle increases the amount of glucose it take up from the bloodstream. This ensures that our blood glucose levels do not get too high. The investigators want to understand what happens to these processes following exercise after breakfast and after an overnight fast. In addition, the investigators also want to understand whether exercising with or without breakfast influences our appetite, food intake and activity levels later in the day.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Blood Glucose; Energy Balance
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Exercise; Dietary supplement: Breakfast

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 12
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • Bath, United Kingdom, BA2 7AY
    • Department for Health, University of Bath

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 49 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Males.
• Aged 18-49.
• Individuals free from known cardiovascular, metabolic or joint disease as determined by standard health questionnaire.
• Habitual regularly participating in exercise (minimum of 3 sessions per week on average)
• Non-smoker

Exclusion Criteria:

• Known or suspected food intolerances, allergies or hypersensitivity.
• Any bleeding disorder or taking medication which impacts blood coagulation.
• Known tendency towards keloid scarring.
• Known sensitivity or allergy to any local anaesthetic medicines.
• Any reported use of substances which may pose undue personal risk to participants or introduce bias into the experiment.
• Any other condition or behaviour deemed either to pose undue personal risk to participants or introduce bias into the experiment.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Breakfast Rest	Dietary supplement: Breakfast; Breakfast consumption
Active Comparator: Breakfast Exercise	Behavioral: Exercise; Moderate intensity exercise; Dietary supplement: Breakfast; Breakfast consumption
Experimental: Fasted Exercise	Behavioral: Exercise; Moderate intensity exercise

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Exogenous glucose appearance rate	Exogenous glucose appearance rates following an oral glucose tolerance test (total appearance over 120 minutes).	120 minutes
Energy balance	Energy balance (intake minus expenditure) over 24 h from the beginning of the trial	24 hours

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Endogenous glucose appearance rates	Endogenous glucose appearance rates following an oral glucose tolerance test (total appearance over 120 minutes).	120 minutes
Glucose clearance rates	Glucose clearance rates following an oral glucose tolerance test (total clearance over 120 minutes).	120 minutes
Energy intake	Weighted energy intake over 24 hours from the beginning of the trial.	24 h
Energy expenditure	Energy expenditure, derived from indirect calorimetry, acccelerometry and heart rate monitoring.	24 h
Exogenous glucose appearance rates	Exogenous glucose appearance rates following an oral glucose tolerance test (total appearance over 120 minutes).	120 minutes

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Bath
• Collaborators: University of Birmingham; University of Stirling

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Allaf M, Elghazaly H, Mohamed OG, Fareen MFK, Zaman S, Salmasi AM, Tsilidis K, Dehghan A. Intermittent fasting for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 29;1(1):CD013496. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013496.pub2.
• Gonzalez JT, Veasey RC, Rumbold PL, Stevenson EJ. Breakfast and exercise contingently affect postprandial metabolism and energy balance in physically active males. Br J Nutr. 2013 Aug;110(4):721-32. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005582. Epub 2013 Jan 29.
• Gonzalez JT. Paradoxical second-meal phenomenon in the acute postexercise period. Nutrition. 2014 Sep;30(9):961-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.001. Epub 2013 Dec 14.
• Edinburgh RM, Hengist A, Smith HA, Travers RL, Betts JA, Thompson D, Walhin JP, Wallis GA, Hamilton DL, Stevenson EJ, Tipton KD, Gonzalez JT. Skipping Breakfast Before Exercise Creates a More Negative 24-hour Energy Balance: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Physically Active Young Men. J Nutr. 2019 Aug 1;149(8):1326-1334. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz018.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: May 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 2, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 6, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): October 7, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 2, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 30, 2018
• Last Verified: March 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: RE-FH1109