Effects of Intravenous Lidocaine Associated With Magnesium Sulfate on the Cisatracurium-Induced Neuromuscular Block

Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Magnesium Sulfate Associated or Not to Lidocaine On the Neuromuscular Blockade Induced by Muscle Relaxant Cistracurium

The magnesium sulfate and lidocaine have been increasingly used alone or in combination during anesthesia procedure to meet various objectives, such as reduction of pain, use of smaller anesthetic doses and stabilization of hemodynamic parameters.

These medicines are often used in combination with neuromuscular blocking agents, which may contribute to the occurrence of residual block in some patients after anesthetic procedures. It was estimated that only 1-3 % of patients with residual block developing clinically apparent events. In a small proportion of patients, the consequences of residual blockade are very serious and even lethal. It is estimated that 40 % of patients with muscle paralysis come to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).

Considering that: (a) magnesium sulfate and lidocaine are showing an increasing number of applications in various areas of medicine, (b) these medications stand out for their properties analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, neuroprotective and capable of reducing the demand of anesthetics and opioids, (c) magnesium sulfate as lidocaine has been important part of the therapeutic arsenal to control a large number of diseases (d) the patient surgical surgery or potentially have benefited in particular from its effects, (and) these drugs have been used routinely in many medical services as well as adjuvants in anesthesia, (f) previous studies have shown that magnesium sulfate is able to prolong the duration of neuromuscular blockade by different types of muscle relaxants, with controversies about its effect on latency (g) the effect of lidocaine on the action of muscle relaxants in current literature have shown great controversy and (h) do not exist in the literature studies involving both drugs; the investigators aimed to investigate the effects of magnesium sulphate infused alone or associated with lidocaine on the neuromuscular blockade promoted by cisatracurium, as well as evaluate its possible hemodynamic repercussions. For this purpose the SM was infused in bolus, prior to tracheal intubation and continuously during the maintenance of general anesthesia; the Lidocaine, when associated and the Isotonic Solution were used in the same way and timeline as SM. As secondary objectives it has been proposed to evaluate if the Lidocaine with Magnesium Sulfate would be able to interfere with the hemodynamic stability of the patients in the study.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Neuromuscular Block
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Lidocaine; Drug: Magnesium Sulfate; Drug: Cisatracurium; Drug: Isotonic Solution

Detailed Description

The study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clinicas, of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Its Unique Protocol ID is 5362/2013. This study was conducted with free written informed consent from the study subjects.

This report describes a prospective randomized clinical trial. The author states that the report includes every item in the checklist for a prospective randomized clinical trial.

The study was registered prior to patient enrollment. Forty-eight American Society of Anesthesiology patient classification status ASA I and II undergoing elective surgery were divided into three parallel groups. The M group received MS 40 mg.kg-1 as a bolus before the induction of anesthesia and 20mg.kg-1h-1 via continuous i.v. infusion during the operation period. The ML group received identical doses of MS combined with lidocaine 3 mg.kg-1 as a bolus before the induction of anesthesia and 3 mg.kg-1h-1 via continuous i.v. infusion during the operation period. The control group was administered a equivalent volume of isotonic solution. Anesthesia was maintained via propofol and remifentanil infusions. After loss of patient consciousness and administration of the bolus infusions, a 0.15 mg.kg-1 bolus of cisatracurium was administered to the patient over 5 s. No additional cisatracurium injections were performed. The patient's neuromuscular function was assessed every 15 s by measuring the adductor polis with a TOF Watch SX acceleromyograph. The primary endpoint was the time at which spontaneous recovery of a train-of-four (TOF) ratio of 90% as achieved. The systolic, diastolic and mean and heart rate were recorded and annotated at various times: M1- when the patient arrived in the operating room; M2- immediately before induction of anesthesia; M3- before the infusion of the tested solutions (saline, magnesium sulphate or magnesium sulphate associated with lidocaine); M4- five minutes after M3 (end of infusion loading dose of test solutions); M5 immediately before intubation; M6- one minute after tracheal intubation and M7 (a through f) - every fifteen minutes until the end of the study.

The sample size was calculated with a power of 80% to detect differences of 20% in the timing of clinical onset and the duration of the neuromuscular blockade (NMB). Quantitative variables were described as mean ± standard deviation. The normality of the distributions was tested for all variables in each group, using the non-parametric test of Shapiro-Wilk. When the variable normally distributed, we used the analysis of variance test (ANOVA) for comparison between groups. When differences were found between the groups, we used the Tukey test for multiple comparisons. When the variable is not normally distributed by applying the Shapiro-Wilk test, we used the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the groups. When differences were found between the groups, we used the Dunn test for multiple comparisons. The critical level of significance was 5%.

During the analysis of the recovery characteristics of the neuromuscular blockade, all parameters based on the T1 response (DUR 25% DUR 75% and DUR 95%) were normalized considering the final T1 value when this response did not return to baseline (VIBY-MOGENSEN et al., 1996).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 48
• Phase: Phase 4

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 60 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Before the recruitment of patients, the study was approved by Brazil Platform (a national and unified basis of research involving human subjects records) and published by the ClinicalTrials.gov

Inclusion Criteria:

• ASA I or II
• BMI between 18 and 29

Exclusion Criteria:

• Use of medications that could affect the neuromuscular blockade such as calcium channel inhibitors, anticonvulsants and lithium carbonate
• Presence of neuromuscular, renal or hepatic dysfunction.
• Hypermetabolic or hypometabolic states such as fever, infection, and hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
• Acid-base disorder, congestive heart failure or conductive heart problems, and those who were being treated for cardiac arrhythmias

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: TRIPLE

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Group M; Magnesium Sulfate. In this group, the patients received magnesium sulfate 40 mg/Kg as a bolus and 20 mg/kg/h by continuous IV infusion during surgery. After the bolus of magnesium sulfate, 0.15 mg/kg of cisatracurium was infused over 5 seconds.	Drug: Magnesium Sulfate; Drug: Cisatracurium; Other Names: Nimbex
Experimental: Group ML; Magnesium Sulfate plus Lidocaine. In this group, the patients received 40 mg/kg of Magnesium Sulfate plus 3 mg kg-1 lidocaine as a bolus and 20 mg/kg/h and 3 mg/kg/h, respectively, by infusion continuously during the surgery. After the bolus of magnesium sulfate and lidocaine, 0.15 mg/kg of cisatracurium was infused over 5 seconds	Drug: Lidocaine; Drug: Magnesium Sulfate; Drug: Cisatracurium; Other Names: Nimbex
Placebo Comparator: Group C; Isotonic Solution. In this group, the patients received the volume of isotonic solution equivalent to the volume of solution infused into experimental groups. After the bolus of the isotonic solution , 0.15 mg/kg of cisatracurium was infused over 5 seconds	Drug: Cisatracurium; Other Names: Nimbex; Drug: Isotonic Solution

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Latency	The latency is computed as the elapsed time to reduce the response of T1 to 5% of the initial contraction force after the infusion of cisatracurium. This outcome meansure was presented in seconds.	Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes
Clinical Duration	The clinical duration is the elapsed time for T1 recovery = 25% (Dur25%) of the original value of T1 after the infusion of cisatracurium. This outcome meansure was presented in minutes.	Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes
Recovery Index	The recovery index is the elapsed time between the T1 recovery =25% (Dur25%) and T1 =75% (Dur75%) after the infusion of cisatracurium. This outcome meansure was presented in minutes.	Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes
Final Recovery Index	The final recovery index is the elapsed time between the T1 recovery = 25% (Dur25%) and T4 / T1 = 80% (TOF = 80%) after the infusion of cisatracurium. This outcome measure was presented in minutes.	Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes
Total Duration (Dur95%)	The total duration is the elapsed time for T1 recovery of the response to reach 95% of the initial after the infusion of cisatracurium. This outcome measure was presented in minutes.	Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes
Spontaneous Recovery (T4/T1=90%)	Spontaneous recovery is the elapsed time for the recovery of the TOF (T4 / T1) response to 90% of the original after infusion of cisatracurium. This outcome measure was presented in minutes.	The participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
MAP - M1 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 1)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the arrival of the patient in the operating room. This time point was named as moment '1'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed when the patient arrived in the operating room
MAP - M2 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 2)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the moment immediately before the anesthesia induction. This time point was named as moment '2'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed immediately before induction of anesthesia
MAP - M3 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 3)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as immediately before the start of the infusion of the solution X (magnesium sulfate or isotonic solution) and Y solution (lidocaine or isotonic solution). This time point was named as moment '3'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed immediately before the start of the infusion of the solution X (magnesium sulfate or isotonic solution) and Y solution (lidocaine or isotonic solution)
MAP - M4 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 4)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the end of the study solutions infusion.This time point was named as moment '4'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed five minutes after M3 (in the end of the X and Y solutions infusion)
MAP - M5 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 5)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as immediately before the tracheal intubation. This time point was named as moment '5'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed immediately before the tracheal intubation
MAP - M6 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 6)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as one minute after the tracheal intubation. This time point was named as moment '6'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed one minute after the tracheal intubation
HR - M1 (Heart Rate in the Moment 1)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The measure of heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the arrival of the patient in the operating room. This time point was named as moment '1'.	This measure of heart rate was performed when the patient arrived in the operating room
HR - M2 (Heart Rate in the Moment 2)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the moment immediately before the anesthesia induction. This time point was named as moment '2'.	This measure of heart rate was performed immediately before induction of anesthesia
HR - M3 (Heart Rate in the Moment 3)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as immediately before the start of the infusion of the solution X (magnesium sulfate or isotonic solution) and Y solution (lidocaine or isotonic solution). This time point was named as moment '3'.	This measure of heart rate was performed immediately before the start of the infusion of the solution X (magnesium sulfate or isotonic solution) and Y solution (lidocaine or isotonic solution)
HR - M4 (Heart Rate in the Moment 4)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the end of the study solutions infusion. This time point was named as moment '4'.	This measure of heart rate was performed five minutes after M3 (in the end of the X and Y solutions infusion)
HR - M5 (Heart Rate in the Moment 5)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as immediately before the tracheal intubation. This time point was named as moment '5'.	This measure of heart rate was performed immediately before the tracheal intubation
HR - M6 (Heart Rate in the Moment 6)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as one minute after the tracheal intubation. This time point was named as moment '6'.	This measure of heart rate was performed one minute after the tracheal intubation
MAP - M7a (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7a)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 15 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7a'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed 15 minutes after the traqueal intubation
MAP - M7b (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7b)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 30 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7b'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed 30 minutes after the traqueal intubation
MAP - M7c (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7c)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 45 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7c'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed 45 minutes after the traqueal intubation
MAP - M7d (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7d)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 60 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7d'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed 60 minutes after the traqueal intubation
MAP - M7e (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7e)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 75 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7e'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed 75 minutes after the traqueal intubation
MAP - M7f (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7f)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 90 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7f'.	This measure of average blood pressure was performed 90 minutes after the traqueal intubation
HR - M7a (Heart Rate in the Moment 7a)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 15 minutes after the traqueal intubation.This time point was named as moment '7a'.	This measure of heart rate was performed 15 minutes after the traqueal intubation
HR - M7b (Heart Rate in the Moment 7b)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 30 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7b'.	This measure of heart rate was performed 30 minutes after the traqueal intubation
HR - M7c (Heart Rate in the Moment 7c)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 45 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7c'.	This measure of heart rate was performed 45 minutes after the traqueal intubation
HR - M7d (Heart Rate in the Moment 7d)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 60 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7d'.	This measure of heart rate was performed 60 minutes after the traqueal intubation
HR - M7e (Heart Rate in the Moment 7e)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 75 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7e'.	This measure of heart rate was performed 75 minutes after the traqueal intubation
HR - M7f (Heart Rate in the Moment 7f)	In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 90 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7f'.	This measure of heart rate was performed 90 minutes after the traqueal intubation

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Sao Paulo

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

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• Ventham NT, Kennedy ED, Brady RR, Paterson HM, Speake D, Foo I, Fearon KC. Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Laparoscopic Surgery: A Meta-Analysis. World J Surg. 2015 Sep;39(9):2220-34. doi: 10.1007/s00268-015-3105-6.
• Kim MH, Oh AY, Jeon YT, Hwang JW, Do SH. A randomised controlled trial comparing rocuronium priming, magnesium pre-treatment and a combination of the two methods. Anaesthesia. 2012 Jul;67(7):748-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07102.x. Epub 2012 Mar 15.
• Habe K, Kawasaki T, Sata T. [A case of prolongation of rocuronium neuromuscular blockade in a pregnant patient receiving magnesium]. Masui. 2014 Jul;63(7):817-9. Japanese.
• Hans GA, Defresne A, Ki B, Bonhomme V, Kaba A, Legrain C, Brichant JF, Hans PC. Effect of an intravenous infusion of lidocaine on cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular block duration: a randomized-controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010 Nov;54(10):1192-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02304.x. Epub 2010 Sep 14.
• Kim MH, Oh AY, Han SH, Kim JH, Hwang JW, Jeon YT. The effect of magnesium sulphate on intubating condition for rapid-sequence intubation: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth. 2015 Nov;27(7):595-601. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2015.07.002. Epub 2015 Aug 25.
• Shahrami A, Assarzadegan F, Hatamabadi HR, Asgarzadeh M, Sarehbandi B, Asgarzadeh S. Comparison of therapeutic effects of magnesium sulfate vs. dexamethasone/metoclopramide on alleviating acute migraine headache. J Emerg Med. 2015 Jan;48(1):69-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.06.055. Epub 2014 Sep 30.
• Govindarajan R, Shah A, Reddy VS, Parithivel V, Ravikumar S, Livingstone D. Improving the functionality of intra-operative nerve monitoring during thyroid surgery: is lidocaine an option? J Clin Med Res. 2015 Apr;7(4):282-5. doi: 10.14740/jocmr2025w. Epub 2015 Feb 9.
• Czarnetzki C, Lysakowski C, Elia N, Tramer MR. Time course of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block after pre-treatment with magnesium sulphate: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010 Mar;54(3):299-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02160.x. Epub 2009 Nov 16.
• Czarnetzki C, Lysakowski C, Elia N, Tramer MR. Intravenous lidocaine has no impact on rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 Apr;56(4):474-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02625.x. Epub 2012 Jan 19.
• Hans GA, Bosenge B, Bonhomme VL, Brichant JF, Venneman IM, Hans PC. Intravenous magnesium re-establishes neuromuscular block after spontaneous recovery from an intubating dose of rocuronium: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2012 Feb;29(2):95-9. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32834e13a6.
• Kim SH, So KY, Jung KT. Effect of magnesium sulfate pretreatment on onset and recovery characteristics of cisatracurium. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2012 Jun;62(6):518-23. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2012.62.6.518. Epub 2012 Jun 19.
• Kussman B, Shorten G, Uppington J, Comunale ME. Administration of magnesium sulphate before rocuronium: effects on speed of onset and duration of neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth. 1997 Jul;79(1):122-4. doi: 10.1093/bja/79.1.122.
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• Staals LM, Driessen JJ, Van Egmond J, De Boer HD, Klimek M, Flockton EA, Snoeck MM. Train-of-four ratio recovery often precedes twitch recovery when neuromuscular block is reversed by sugammadex. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011 Jul;55(6):700-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02448.x. Epub 2011 May 16.
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• Loyola YC, Braga Ade F, Poterio GM, Sousa SR, Fernandes SC, Braga FS. [Influence of lidocaine on the neuromuscular block produced by rocuronium: study in rat phrenic-diaphragmatic nerve preparation.]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2006 Apr;56(2):147-56. doi: 10.1590/s0034-70942006000200006. Portuguese.
• Germano Filho PA, Cavalcanti IL, Barrucand L, Vercosa N. Effect of magnesium sulphate on sugammadex reversal time for neuromuscular blockade: a randomised controlled study. Anaesthesia. 2015 Aug;70(8):956-61. doi: 10.1111/anae.12987. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
• Paula-Garcia WN, Oliveira-Paula GH, de Boer HD, Garcia LV. Lidocaine combined with magnesium sulfate preserved hemodynamic stability during general anesthesia without prolonging neuromuscular blockade: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2021 Mar 27;21(1):91. doi: 10.1186/s12871-021-01311-y.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: July 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2015
• Study Completion (Actual): September 1, 2015

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 18, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 24, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): June 29, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): January 15, 2016
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 10, 2015
• Last Verified: December 1, 2015

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Recovery; Lidocaine; Cisatracurium; Magnesium sulfate; Onset; Isotonic solution
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Central Nervous System Depressants; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Analgesics; Sensory System Agents; Anesthetics; Membrane Transport Modulators; Anticonvulsants; Anesthetics, Local; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers; Sodium Channel Blockers; Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents; Reproductive Control Agents; Calcium Channel Blockers; Neuromuscular Agents; Tocolytic Agents; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; Lidocaine; Magnesium Sulfate; Cisatracurium
• Other Study ID Numbers: 5362/2013; 15541213.3.0000.5440 (Registry Identifier: [Plataforma Brasil])