Alleviating Caregivers' Stress Through an E-painting Mobile Application
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Background Caregivers of persons with dementia experience tremendous stress Caregivers of persons with dementia (PWD) in Hong Kong reported high level of stress due to caregiving (Cheung et al., 2015). Caregiver stress was defined as "an unequal distribution of responsibilities on the caregiver as a result of caring for someone with a prolonged impairment" (Pearlin et al., 1990 cited in Llanque et al., 2016). Providing care to PWD persons imposed tremendous stress on caregivers as PWD often performed problematic behaviours that might affect others (Kang et al., 2006). PWD's dependency in activities of daily living, severity and frequency of behavioural symptoms was found to be significantly associated with caregivers' depressive symptoms (Lee et al., 2017). Another source of stress was caregivers' feeling of overload, which was considered as subjective stressor (Son et al., 2007).
Use of mobile applications in stress management Mobile applications (apps) have been developed in stress management. Persons suffered from post-traumatic stress disorders have been selected as targeted population to assess feasibility and acceptability of apps to manage acute stress or stress symptoms (Kuhn et al., 2014). From the users' perspective (as stated in focus group interviews), using app was considered as 'acceptable and helpful' tool for stress management (Kuhn et al., 2014). Activities could be scheduled by the app and this arrangement was welcome by app users (Kuhn et al., 2014). Apps are considered as potentially effective self-management tool for persons suffered from stress (Kuhn et al., 2014).
New feature of the mobile app: e-painting Evidence had shown that intervention of art therapy reduced stress symptoms among paediatric patients (Chapman et al., 2001), working adults (Karpaviciute & Macijauskiene, 2016), and older adults (Walker et al., 2016). Group interactions among participants in art therapy contributed to its effectiveness, thus group therapy was recommended as 'best practice' (Spiegel et al., 2006). Painting (or visual art production) is recommended because looking at painting (or cognitively evaluated artwork) does not show similar effect on stress reduction in adulthood (Bolwerk et al., 2014). Using functional MRI (fMRI), Bolwerk and team (2014) found that those who participated in visual art production showed greater spatial improvement in functional connectivity of posterior cingulated cortex to the frontal and parietal cortices after the intervention than those who cognitively evaluated artwork at a museum. This implied that painting, but not viewing art work, had effect on psychological resilience in adulthood (Bolwerk and team, 2014). A review (Slayton et al., 2010) summarised that a brief period of painting significantly reduced anxiety score (Sandmire et al., 2012; Curry & Kasser, 2005), distress (Franks & Whitaker, 2007), depression (Gussak, 2006) but increased mental alertness and sociability (Rusted, Sheppard, & Waller, 2006).
Based on the knowledge in the production of painting and its possible impacts on caregivers' emotion (anxiety, stress, depression) and sociability, we plan to develop a mobile application which allows caregivers to create their own e-paintings and share with others.
Objectives of the study
- To identify caregivers' preferred functions of the app and training needed to use the app;
- To assess the trial process and procedures (estimate the recruitment rate, dropout rate, the compliance of emotional assessments in the app);
- To collect app users' comments on the use of the app after the 8-week trial;
- To examine the consistency of the effects of the app intervention on emotion.
Methods This study adopts a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative method).
Qualitative component comprises of six focus group (FG) interviews. FG 1-3 aim to explore the caregivers' preferences of the features of the e-painting mobile app. FG 4-6 aim to collect the app users' views on the use of the app after the trial period of 8 weeks.
Guiding questions for Focus Group 1-3:
- What functions are preferred by the caregivers in the e-painting app?
- What kind of training do caregivers need before they use the e-painting app?
- What kind of follow-up do caregivers expect after using this app? Analytical results of their paintings in form of a prop-up message? Connection to health professionals who could provide help to the caregivers?
Guiding questions for Focus Group 4-6:
- What did the app users (caregivers) think about this app?
- What did the app users like or dislike most about the app?
- What feature should be added to the app so as to support the app users?
- Did the app users enjoy the use of this app to draw their paintings? Why?
Quantitative component of the study is the trial run of the app over a period of 8 weeks with 30 caregivers. Participants will be asked to download the app to their mobile phone and use the app at least two times per week. They will be asked to go through a set of emotion assessments in the app before and after the 8-week trial. The following measures will be included in the emotional assessments:
- Caregivers' level of stress (measured by a 11-item Zarit Burden Interview, CZBI-Short, Tang et al., 2015) (Primary outcome)
- Self-rated health status (measured by the 1-item self-rated health likert scale) (Secondary outcome)
- Depressive symptoms (measured by a 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9, Cheng & Cheng, 2007) (Secondary outcome)
- Instrumental and emotional social support (measured by a 8-item Modified Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey (mMOS-SS, Moser et al., 2012) (Secondary outcome)
E-paintings will be analysed by a certified art therapist through discussions with the participants. Data about colour hue, saturation and brightness will be analysed. Data will be collected in recruitment rate of caregivers who are willing to join the study, the dropout rate at the end of the 8-week trial, and the compliance rate of emotional assessments in the app. Frequency of the participation in e-painting will be collected. Comparison of the app users' stress level, depressive level, self-rated health status and social support before and after the trial will be made.
Subjects. A maximum of 36 caregivers will be involved in the six focus groups. Each focus group interview will involve 6 caregivers of persons with dementia. Another 30 caregivers will be involved in the 8-week trial of the app.
Expected deliverables
- A e-painting mobile app for caregiver to reduce stress;
- A presentation in an international conference (reporting app users' comments on the use of the app after the 8-week trial);
- A paper in an international peer-refereed journal (reporting caregivers' preferred functions of the app, the training needed to use the app, the recruitment rate of caregivers to the study, the dropout rate of participation in the 8-week trial, the compliance of emotional assessments in the app and the consistency of the effects of the app intervention on emotion).
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Inclusion criteria:
- aged 18 or above
- provide direct care to a person with dementia
- able to read and communicate in Chinese
Exclusion criteria:
- have fever or influenza symptoms at the time of recruitment
- being hospitalized
- living in a residential care home
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
- Allocation: N/A
- Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
|---|---|
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Experimental: Intervention arm
Participants in the intervention arm download the E-painting mobile app and use this app to make their own painting.
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The subjects can use the newly developed mobile app to draw their own pictures at the time convenient to them.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Caregivers' level of stress
Time Frame: right after the 8-week intervention
|
this will be measured by a 11-item Zarit Burden Interview (CZBI-Short) (Tang et al., 2015)
|
right after the 8-week intervention
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Self-rated health status
Time Frame: right after the 8-week intervention
|
This will be measured by the 1-item self-rated health likert scale
|
right after the 8-week intervention
|
|
Depressive symptoms
Time Frame: right after the 8-week intervention
|
This will be measured by a 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (Cheng & Cheng, 2007)
|
right after the 8-week intervention
|
|
Instrumental and emotional social support
Time Frame: right after the 8-week intervention
|
This will be measured by a 8-item Modified Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey (mMOS-SS) (Moser et al., 2012)
|
right after the 8-week intervention
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Karpaviciute S, Macijauskiene J. The Impact of Arts Activity on Nursing Staff Well-Being: An Intervention in the Workplace. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Apr 19;13(4):435. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13040435.
- Llanque S, Savage L, Rosenburg N, Caserta M. Concept Analysis: Alzheimer's Caregiver Stress. Nurs Forum. 2016 Jan-Mar;51(1):21-31. doi: 10.1111/nuf.12090. Epub 2014 May 1.
- Kuhn E, Greene C, Hoffman J, Nguyen T, Wald L, Schmidt J, Ramsey KM, Ruzek J. Preliminary evaluation of PTSD Coach, a smartphone app for post-traumatic stress symptoms. Mil Med. 2014 Jan;179(1):12-8. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00271.
- Bolwerk A, Mack-Andrick J, Lang FR, Dorfler A, Maihofner C. How art changes your brain: differential effects of visual art production and cognitive art evaluation on functional brain connectivity. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 1;9(7):e101035. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101035. eCollection 2014. Erratum In: PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e116548.
- Cheung KS, Lau BH, Wong PW, Leung AY, Lou VW, Chan GM, Schulz R. Multicomponent intervention on enhancing dementia caregiver well-being and reducing behavioral problems among Hong Kong Chinese: a translational study based on REACH II. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015 May;30(5):460-9. doi: 10.1002/gps.4160. Epub 2014 Jul 12.
- Lee J, Sohn BK, Lee H, Seong S, Park S, Lee JY. Impact of Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia Patients on Depression in Daughter and Daughter-in-Law Caregivers. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2017 Jan;26(1):36-43. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5831. Epub 2016 Aug 9. Erratum In: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2019 Mar;28(3):420. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5831.correx.
- Son J, Erno A, Shea DG, Femia EE, Zarit SH, Stephens MA. The caregiver stress process and health outcomes. J Aging Health. 2007 Dec;19(6):871-87. doi: 10.1177/0898264307308568.
Helpful Links
- A literature review of the therapeutic mechanisms of art therapy for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder
- The image, mentalisation and group art psychotherapy
- Predictors of Emotional Strain Among Spouse and Adult Child Caregivers
- The Influence of Art Making on Anxiety: A Pilot Study
- Outcome Studies on the Efficacy of Art Therapy: A Review of Findings
- Art Therapy for Combat-Related PTSD: Recommendations for Research and Practice
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Other Study ID Numbers
- G-YBWL
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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