Effects of Forest Bathing in Vancouver, B.C. Parks

Effects of Forest Bathing and Environmental Factors on Individual Health Responses in Vancouver, B.C. Parks

This study aims to investigate environmental factors that influence people's responses to the Japanese practice of forest bathing in Vancouver, B.C. parks.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Stress, Psychological; Anxiety; Blood Pressure; Mental Health Wellness 1; Environmental Exposure; Nature, Human
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Self-Guided Forest Bathing; Behavioral: Guided Forest Bathing

Detailed Description

The primary research aim is to investigate the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors in a sample of Vancouver, B.C. forested parks and specific health-related outcomes after forest bathing interventions. Forest bathing programs are a promising therapeutic method for enhancing heart rate and blood pressure functions and an effective psychological relaxation strategy. This study will investigate changes in autonomic nervous system activity and mood states after a 60-90 minute forest bathing program in four Vancouver, B.C. parks. Approximately 100 adult participants will be recruited for the study and participate in four sessions over one year. Physiological responses, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and psychological indices will be measured before and after each session.

The health effects of forest-based interventions will vary due to environmental factors such as weather, temperature, humidity, light, and participants' psychological and physiological states. We are taking measurements pre- and post-treatment to detect any change in response during each session and seasonally.

Primary endpoint is to determine if the guided walk provides greater enhanced heart rate and blood pressure functions and an effective psychological relaxation strategy over the self-guided walk.

Secondary endpoints: 1) to determine if participants living in neighborhoods with below average street trees receive greater benefits than participants that live in neighborhoods with average or above average street trees, 2) assess changes within the same individuals over time 3) if there are different outcomes seasonally 4) if there are different outcomes between study sites.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 198
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • B.C.
    • Maple Ridge, B.C., Canada
      • Malcolm Knapp Research Forest
    • Vancouver, B.C., Canada
      • Jericho Beach Park
    • Vancouver, B.C., Canada
      • Pacific Spirit Regional Park
    • Vancouver, B.C., Canada
      • Stanley Park

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 19 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults (19+) that are residents of Vancouver, B.C.
• Spend time on a trail in a Vancouver park for at least 60 minutes per month
• Willing to refrain from tobacco products, alcohol, caffeine, marijuana, and psilocybin for at least two hours prior to arriving at the study site and during the forest bathing sessions

Exclusion Criteria:

• Must be able to move along a barrier-free trail independently
• Non-residents (e.g. tourists)
• Children (under 19 years of age)
• Participants with pets

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Self-Guided Forest Bathing; Forest Bathing intervention without a guide and basic navigational instructions, explanation of forest bathing, and time to return.	Behavioral: Self-Guided Forest Bathing; Participants will participate in two, 60-90 minute self-guided forest bathing sessions over the course of a year in one of four Vancouver, B.C. park trails and be given prompts to consciously use their five senses in the forest.
Experimental: Guided Forest Bathing; Forest Bathing intervention led by a certified Forest Therapy guide.	Behavioral: Guided Forest Bathing; Participants will participate in two, 60-90 minute guided forest bathing sessions over the course of a year in one of four Vancouver, B.C. park trails. They will be invited by a certified forest therapy guide to consciously use their five senses in the forest.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Abbreviated Profile of Mood States (POMS) - Change	Abbreviated Profile of Mood States (POMS) are routinely used by forest bathing researchers because psychologists regard it as rendering an accurate measure of mood states. The goal is to determine if spending time in a forest environment affects a psychological response. Abbreviated POMS contains 40 questions. Each answer is scored on a Likert Scale with values of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Lower total scores indicated low mood problems, and conversely, a higher score may indicate a high mood problem. POMS will determine a baseline level of specific moods for a participant at the onset of the research trial and at the beginning and end of each forest bathing session.	Participants are tested before and after each forest bathing session and invited to attend four sessions during the study. Assessments for each session are included until the study ends. Forest bathing sessions will be held in 2022.
Cardiovascular reactivity - Heart Rate - Change	Cardiovascular reactivity will be measured by participants taking heart rate before and after each forest bathing session.. Three measurements will be taken at 30-second intervals. The mean of the final two measurements taken for each interval will be used for statistical analysis.	Participants are tested before and after each forest bathing session and invited to attend four sessions during the study. Assessments for each session are included until the study ends. Forest bathing sessions will be held in 2022.
Cardiovascular reactivity - Blood Pressure (Diastolic) - Change	Cardiovascular reactivity will be measured by participants taking diastolic blood pressure before and after each forest bathing session.. Three measurements will be taken at 30-second intervals. The mean of the final two measurements taken for each interval will be used for statistical analysis.	Participants are tested before and after each forest bathing session and invited to attend four sessions during the study. Assessments for each session are included until the study ends. Forest bathing sessions will be held in 2022.
Cardiovascular reactivity - Blood Pressure (Systolic) - Change	Cardiovascular reactivity will be measured by participants taking systolic blood pressure before and after each forest bathing session. Three measurements will be taken at 30-second intervals. The mean of the final two measurements taken for each interval will be used for statistical analysis.	Participants are tested before and after each forest bathing session and invited to attend four sessions during the study. Assessments for each session are included until the study ends. Forest bathing sessions will be held in 2022.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) - Change	Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) is a scale designed to measure an individual's affective, experiential connection to nature. It was created based on the argument that for people to participate in environmental issues they need to feel part of the natural world. Another argument is that aspects of our urban or modern lifestyle relate to our nature connectedness and overall life satisfaction. The scale contains 13 items. It is a simple scale question with some reverse coded items Participants responded on a 5-point scale, where 1=strongly disagree and 5=strongly agree. CNS will determine a baseline level of nature relatedness and subjective well-being at the onset of the research trial and at the beginning and end of each forest bathing session.	Participants are tested before and after each forest bathing session and invited to attend four sessions during the study. Assessments for each session are included until the study ends. Forest bathing sessions will be held in 2022.
Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) - Change	The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a short 5-item instrument designed to measure global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with one's life.	Participants are tested before and after each forest bathing session and invited to attend four sessions during the study. Assessments for each session are included until the study ends. Forest bathing sessions will be held in 2022.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of British Columbia

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• UBC Forest Bathing Study Information and Consent Form
• John Innes, Professor, Faculty of Forestry

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 22, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 20, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): April 20, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 3, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 12, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): August 16, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 25, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 24, 2023
• Last Verified: April 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Forest Therapy; Forest Bathing; Shinrin-yoku; Forest-based Intervention; Forest Immersion; Nature Therapy
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Stress, Psychological
• Other Study ID Numbers: H22-00216

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No