Smartphone Addiction and Temporomandibular Dysfunction

The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Temporomandibular Dysfunction

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of smartphone addiction on temporomandibular dysfunction with the determinants of pain threshold, head posture and neck disability level.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Smartphone Addiction
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Temporomandibular disorder; Other: Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form; Other: Neck Disability Index; Other: Temporomandibular Joint Pain; Other: Anterior posture of the head; Other: Pressure Pain Threshold Assessment

Detailed Description

Firstly, the purpose of the research and the evaluation methods were explained to the students. Students who volunteered to participate in the study and met the inclusion criteria were included in the evaluation. Approval was obtained from the evaluated students with the 'Informed Voluntary Consent Form'. Then, the students will fill in the Descriptive Data Form. The risk of smartphone addiction of the students who filled out the Descriptive Data Form was assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form, TMD dysfunction status was assessed with the Fonseca Anamnestic Index, neck disability status was assessed with the Neck Disability Index, TMJ pain was assessed with the Numeric Pain Scale, head posture was assessed with a goniometer, and pressure pain threshold of the tenar and masseter muscles was assessed with an algometer. The evaluations took an average of 45 minutes for each student. The evaluations of the students were performed only once.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 110

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Balıkesir, Turkey, 10200
    • Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

University students

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• To study at Bandirma Onyedi Eylül University
• Students between the ages of 18-30 years, whose voluntary consent was obtained and who use smartphones

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals undergoing masseter botox application
• Individuals diagnosed with TMJ disorder and/or bruxism
• Individuals with musculoskeletal system problems such as fractures of the hand, fingers, upper extremities and/or TMJ, rheumatoid disease with evidence of systemic, specific pathological conditions
• Individuals who have undergone any surgical operation related to hand, finger, upper extremity and/or TMJ problem
• Individuals who have received hand, finger, upper extremity and/or TMJ-related physiotherapy and rehabilitation services in less than 6 months
• Individuals with facial paralysis
• Individuals with diagnosed psychiatric illness.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Temporomandibular disorder	Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire was used for TMJ dysfunction. The diagnostic accuracy of the Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire was found to be high in identifying pain-related and intra-articular TMDs, and the cut-off point was set as 25 points. A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD.	June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form	In our study, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form will be filled out in order to evaluate the intensity of smartphone use of students, and the daily duration of smartphone use will be recorded. The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form is a 6-point Likert-type scale consisting of 10 items used to measure the risk of smartphone addiction. Scores obtained from the scale vary between 10-60, and an increase in the score indicates an increased risk for smartphone addiction. Although the scale does not have a cut-off score in our country, it was determined as 31 for men and 33 for women in the Korean sample.	June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
The Neck Disability Index	The Neck Disability Index was used to assess the disability caused by neck pain. This questionnaire consists of ten items, four of which are related to subjective symptoms (pain intensity, headache, concentration, sleep) and six of which are related to activities of daily living (self-care, lifting, reading, work, driving and leisure activities). Scale scoring ranges from 0-40.	June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
Temporomandibular Joint Pain	Numeric Pain Scale is a simple, reliable and short-term method commonly used in the clinic to measure pain intensity. It is a very reliable method in the evaluation of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments that reduce pain. The patient is told that the most severe pain he/she experiences is 10, and if he/she has no pain, the pain intensity is 0. The participant was asked to say a number between 0 and 10 corresponding to the intensity of pain felt in the TMJ region.	June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
Anterior head posture	The anterior posture of the head was assessed with the Craniovertebral angle using a goniometer. The Craniovertebral angle was measured in degrees as the angle between the horizontal plane and the 7th cervical vertebra and the ear hole.	June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
Pressure pain threshold assessment	In our study, the pressure pain threshold measurement of the dominant and non-dominant side masseter and tenar muscles was evaluated with Baseline manual algometer.	June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 1, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 5, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 5, 2025
• First Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 8, 2025
• Last Verified: February 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: pain; smartphone addiction; head posture; temporpmandibular disorders
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Technology Addiction; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Muscular Diseases; Joint Diseases; Jaw Diseases; Mandibular Diseases; Craniomandibular Disorders; Myofascial Pain Syndromes; Compulsive Behavior; Impulsive Behavior; Internet Addiction Disorder; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome; Behavior, Addictive
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2024-27

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No