THE EFFECT OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE EXERCISE TRAINING ON CERVICAL PROPRIOCEPTION, KINESIOPHOBIA, AND PAIN CATASTROPHIZING LEVELS IN SARCOPENIC GERIATRIC INDIVIDUALS RESIDING IN NURSING HOMES

November 25, 2025 updated by: Beyza Doğanbaz, Atılım University

This study investigated the effects of cervical proprioceptive exercise training on cervical proprioception, kinesiophobia and pain catastrophising in sarcopenic nursing home residents.

In this randomized controlled study, 63 nursing home residents were screened for sarcopenia based on the EWGSOP2 criteria, which include assessments of handgrip strength (Jamar dynamometer), physical performance (4-meter walking test), and muscle mass evaluated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Thirty-one residents diagnosed with sarcopenia were randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 17), which completed 12 supervised sessions of conventional exercises (postural, cervical range of motion, and isometric exercises) over six weeks, or an experimental group (n = 14), which received an additional 12 sessions of cervical proprioceptive exercises. Both groups were evaluated before and after the intervention. Cervical joint position sense, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, were assessed using the Joint Position Error Test; the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; the Pain Catastrophizing Scale.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

31

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • çankaya
      • Ankara, çankaya, Turkey (Türkiye), 06530
        • Nevia Oran Nursing Home

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion criteria;

  • Being 65 years of age or older,
  • Being diagnosed with sarcopenia,
  • Having at least 91 points or more according to the Barthel daily living activities index (being mildly dependent or completely independent),
  • Having 24 points or more according to the mini mental assessment, which is considered mentally healthy.

Exclusion criteria;

  • Having a disability (such as limb, vision, hearing loss),
  • Having a serious neurological, orthopedic or rheumatological disorder that may affect proprioception,
  • Having uncontrolled hypertension/diabetes,
  • Having pain in the spine and/or extremities,
  • Having a psychiatric disease diagnosis.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Experimental group
Cervical proprioceptive exercise and classic exercise were applied.
Other: Classic exercises
Participants in the control group received classical exercise training for 6 weeks.
Other: Proprioceptive exercise training
Participants in the experimental group received cervical proprioception exercises in addition to classical exercise training for 6 weeks.
Active Comparator: Control Group
Classic exercise (Cervical range of motion exercise+posture exercise+isometric exercises) were applied only.
Other: Classic exercises
Participants in the control group received classical exercise training for 6 weeks.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Assessment of cervical proprioception
Time Frame: 10 months
Cervical proprioception was assessed using joint position error test. While seated, the participant faced a board positioned 90 cm away at head level, consisting of concentric circles (40 cm diameter, 1-cm increments), and wore a cap with a mounted laser pointer The participant first aligned the laser with the central point to establish the neutral position, then-with eyes open-was guided through flexion, extension, right/left rotation, and right/left lateral flexion, returning to neutral after each movement. The same six movements were then actively performed with eyes closed . Six repetitions were completed for each direction, and the point at which the laser stopped was marked on the board after every trial . The mean of these points was calculated, and angular deviation from the target was determined using the arctan method based on the fixed distance to the board. A deviation of more than 4 degrees was considered to indicate impaired proprioception.
10 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Assessment of kinesiophobia
Time Frame: 10 months
Kinesiophobia was assessed using the Kinesiophobia Causes Scale (KCS) . Developed by Kocjan and Knapik (2014), the scale identifies the biological and psychological sources of fear of movement and contributes to understanding the underlying causes of reduced motor activity. It comprises two domains: biological and psychological. The biological domain includes morphological factors, movement requirements, energy resources, biological drives, negative experiences, motor competence, and beliefs related to body care, while the psychological domain assesses factors such as confidence, self-efficacy, and social interaction that contribute to avoidance behavior. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Çayır et al. (2020). The scale consists of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Higher scores indicate greater fear of movement.
10 months
Assessment of pain catastrophizing
Time Frame: 10 months
Pain catastrophizing was assessed using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), a 13-item measure evaluating maladaptive thoughts and feelings related to pain. The scale includes three subdimensions: helplessness, magnification, and rumination . Each item is scored on a 0-4 scale, and subscale scores are obtained by summing the corresponding items; the total PCS score is calculated as the sum of all items . The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Uğurlu et al. (2017) . Total scores range from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating greater pain catastrophizing.Scores above 30 reflect clinically significant levels of catastrophizing.
10 months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Atılım University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

April 23, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

December 23, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

December 30, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

January 15, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 25, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

November 28, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

November 28, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 25, 2025

Last Verified

December 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • Beyza-ftr-02

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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