Comparing Two Types of Surgery for Children With Undescended Testicles When the Hernia Sac Is Tied or Not

Comparison of the Outcome of Orchidopexy With and Without Sac Ligation in Paediatric Population With Palpable Undescended Testis

When a child has an undescended testicle that can be felt in the groin, surgery (orchiopexy) is needed to move it into the scrotum. During this operation, doctors sometimes tie off a small sac near the testicle, but this step can make the surgery longer and may slightly increase risks like swelling, infection, or irritation.

This study looks at whether tying this sac is really necessary. It compares children who had surgery with sac ligation to those who had surgery without it. The goal is to see if there is any difference in surgery time or the chance of developing a hernia afterward. By understanding this, doctors can choose the safest and simplest approach for children with undescended testicles and provide better care.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Undescended Testis
• Intervention / Treatment: Procedure: Orchiopexy with sac ligation; Procedure: Orchiopexy without sac ligation

Detailed Description

Cryptorchidism or Undescended testis (UDT) is described as testes that cannot be brought down to the bottom of scrotum without undue traction on the spermatic cord. It is one of the most common conditions presenting in pediatric surgical outpatient department1. UDT is seen in 2-4% of children at birth, decreasing to about 1% in the first year of life. It is prevalent in about one to four and a half percentage of newborns with a higher incidence in preterm babies (30-45%). UDT maybe unilateral or bilateral, mostly affecting the right side (70%).

The management of palpable undescended testes (UDT) in the pediatric population often necessitates surgical intervention to relocate the testes into the scrotum, a procedure known as orchiopexy. During this surgery, surgeons may choose to either ligate the hernia sac associated with the undescended testis or leave it unligated. The decision to ligate the sac is influenced by the belief that it might reduce the risk of post-operative complications such as inguinal hernias. However, this additional step could potentially prolong the operative time and introduce other risks.

Studies suggest there is probability of spontaneous decent in the first three months postnatally, beyond which it was rare. The recommended age for surgery for undescended testis is six months of age. The standard surgical intervention for orchiopexy was described in 1881-1899. The classical orchidopexy recommends the mandatory ligation of the hernial sac to prevent occurrence of postoperative hernia. This traditional conventional orchidopexy technique is well-acknowledged and generally practiced and is well supported by many studies that conclude that sac ligation is mandatory for the prevention of post-operative complication of inguinal hernia5. However, recent evidence advocates that orchidopexy with ligation of hernial sac is unnecessary procedure with increased occurrence of severe pain post-operatively along with increased chances of testicular atrophy due to inadvertent injury to the adjacent structures6. Furthermore, it has been found that orchidopexies without ligation of sac technique is simple, save intraoperative time and equally effective with comparable outcomes.

A recent study on orchidopexy with and without sac ligation in pediatric patients was conducted to compare mean operative time and incidence of complications including post-operative hernia A total of hundred patients were recruited in this study. In one group orchidopexy without dissection and ligation of peritoneal sac was done, while in other group included the patients in which sac ligation was performed. In this study 60 (60%) patients had left-sided whereas 40 (40%) patients had right-sided UDT. The mean operative time of the patients from no sac ligation group was 21.25±0.90 minutes whereas in ligation group 33.10±1.10 minutes. Interestingly, no case of post-operative hernia was noted in both groups (0.00%).

Rationales of the study: The surgical management of palpable undescended testes (UDT) in children involves the critical decision of whether to ligate the associated hernia sac, a step that may prolong operative time and introduce additional risks such as inflammation, infection, or tissue damage. This study aims to evaluate the impact of sac ligation on operative time and the incidence of post-operative inguinal hernias, providing a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis. By comparing the outcomes of pediatric orchiopexy with and without sac ligation, the study seeks to generate high-quality evidence to guide surgical practice, standardize care, and ultimately improve patient outcomes and healthcare resource utilization in the treatment of palpable UDT.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcome (in terms of operative time and occurrence of post operative inguinal hernia) of the surgery with and without sac ligation in pediatric population with palpable undescended testes.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 60
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Pakistan
  • Punjab Province
    • Faisalābad, Punjab Province, Pakistan, 38000
      • Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male children ≤15 years with palpable UDT
• Scheduled for single stage orchidopexy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Impalpable testes
• Staged/laparoscopic procedures,
• Pre-op hernia,
• History previous orchiopexy
• Ambiguous genitalia

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Group A; Orchiopexy with sac ligation	Procedure: Orchiopexy with sac ligation; To compare the outcome of the surgery with and without sac ligation in pediatric population with palpable undescended testes.
Experimental: Group B; Orchiopexy without sac ligation	Procedure: Orchiopexy without sac ligation; To compare the outcome of the surgery with and without sac ligation in pediatric population with palpable undescended testes.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Operative Time		During surgery "from skin incision to skin closure", assessed at the time of the surgical procedure.
Post-operative Complications	Post-op hernia, Wound infection, Hematoma and Testicular atrophy	at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Hospital stay duration, or Length of Stay (LOS) in the hospital		From the day of the admission for procedure until hospital discharge, assessed during the index hospitalization (up to 7 days)
Post-operative Pain Score	Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain. Higher scores represent greater pain severity.	Post-operative period, assessed at 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after surgery.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Children Hospital Faisalabad

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 1, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 1, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): March 15, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 9, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 20, 2025
• First Posted (Actual): January 6, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 6, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 20, 2025
• Last Verified: December 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Orchiopexy; sac ligation; Palpable Undescended testis
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Urogenital Diseases; Genital Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Genital Diseases, Male; Male Urogenital Diseases; Gonadal Disorders; Congenital Abnormalities; Urogenital Abnormalities; Testicular Diseases; Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities; Cryptorchidism; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Urologic Surgical Procedures; Urogenital Surgical Procedures; Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male; Orchiopexy
• Other Study ID Numbers: CPSP/REU/PSG-2023-290-572; No.32/CH&ICH/FSD, 16-Jan-2024 (Other Identifier: Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health, Faisalabad.)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No