Effects of Low-Intensity Technical Tethered Swimming on Front Crawl Kinematics in Adolescent Swimmers

April 23, 2026 updated by: Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education

Effect of Low-Intensity Technical Tethered Swimming Training on Front Crawl Kinematics in Adolescent Swimmers

This study evaluated the acute effects of two low-intensity front crawl training conditions on swimming kinematics in adolescent swimmers. After a standardized warm-up, participants performed either low-intensity tethered front crawl or low-intensity free-swimming front crawl. Kinematic measurements were obtained immediately after task completion using an accelerometer. One week later, the final exercise condition was rotated between groups so that both groups completed both training conditions.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

This study investigated the effects of two low-intensity front crawl training conditions on swimming kinematics in adolescent swimmers. All participants completed the same standardized warm-up protocol. After the warm-up, Group A performed 6 × 10 cycles of low-intensity tethered front crawl with 10-second rest intervals between sets, while Group B performed 6 × 50 m of low-intensity front crawl starting every 60 seconds. During both exercise conditions, participants were instructed to focus on stroke length and correct body position in the water.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

32

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Poland
    • Masovian Voivodeship
      • Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, 02-785
        • Swimming Pool at Koncertowa 4

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Competitive adolescent swimmers from a local sports club
  • Regular swimming training history since approximately 9-10 years of age
  • Current training frequency of approximately 7-8 sessions per week
  • Regular participation in national-level swimming competitions
  • At least 2 years of regular swimming training experience
  • Ability to complete the study procedures, including low-intensity front crawl conditions and accelerometer-based measurement

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Current injury or musculoskeletal condition preventing participation
  • Failure to meet the required age criteria
  • Less than 2 years of regular swimming training experience
  • Inability to complete the study procedures

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Sequence A
Participants completed low-intensity tethered front crawl in the first session and low-intensity free front crawl in the second session, one week later.
Behavioral: Low-Intensity Tethered Front Crawl Swimming
Participants performed 6 × 10 cycles of low-intensity front crawl while tethered, with 10-second rest intervals between sets. During the exercise, participants were instructed to focus on stroke length and correct body position in the water.
Behavioral: Low-Intensity Free Front Crawl Swimming
Participants performed 6 × 50 m of low-intensity front crawl, starting every 60 seconds. During the exercise, participants were instructed to focus on stroke length and correct body position in the water.
Experimental: Sequence B
Participants completed low-intensity free front crawl in the first session and low-intensity tethered front crawl in the second session, one week later.
Behavioral: Low-Intensity Tethered Front Crawl Swimming
Participants performed 6 × 10 cycles of low-intensity front crawl while tethered, with 10-second rest intervals between sets. During the exercise, participants were instructed to focus on stroke length and correct body position in the water.
Behavioral: Low-Intensity Free Front Crawl Swimming
Participants performed 6 × 50 m of low-intensity front crawl, starting every 60 seconds. During the exercise, participants were instructed to focus on stroke length and correct body position in the water.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Front Crawl Kinematic Variables Measured by Accelerometer
Time Frame: Baseline and 1 week
ront crawl kinematic variables were assessed with an accelerometer during each 50 m front crawl trial performed after the assigned exercise condition. Variables included body roll (maximum angular velocity around the vertical axis [ωmaxR] and maximum pelvic tilt angle around the vertical axis [AmaxR]), yaw rotation (maximum angular velocity around the sagittal axis [ωmaxY] and acceleration along the transverse axis [atmax]), pitch rotation (maximum angular velocity around the transverse axis [ωmaxP] and acceleration along the sagittal axis [asmax]), and progressive movement (maximum acceleration along the vertical axis [avmax]).
Baseline and 1 week

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Time to Achieve 50 m
Time Frame: Baseline and 1 week
Time required to complete 50 m front crawl, expressed in seconds.
Baseline and 1 week
Stroke Length
Time Frame: Baseline and 1 week
Stroke length during front crawl, expressed in meters.
Baseline and 1 week

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

June 14, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

June 21, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

June 21, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

April 17, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 23, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

April 28, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

April 28, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 23, 2026

Last Verified

April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • SKE 01-31/2023

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data will not be shared. Processed and aggregated research data used for analysis may be shared separately in a public repository.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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