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Rozdíl ve výskytu odrazové bolesti u pacientů podstupujících operaci pod popliteálním blokem nebo blokem kotníku (CBFR)

Rebound Pain Occurrence in Patients Undergoing Forefoot Bone Surgery Under Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block or Distal Sensory Ankle Block: a Randomized Clinical Trial

This single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial compared rebound pain (RP) occurrence following popliteal sciatic nerve block versus ankle block in patients undergoing elective forefoot bone surgery.

Patients were randomized to receive one of the two ultrasound-guided, single-injection peripheral nerve block techniques, combined with standardized general anesthesia induced and maintained using propofol target-controlled infusion.

The primary objective was to compare RP incidence between the two block techniques. Secondary exploratory objectives included assessing postoperative pain trajectories and perioperative changes in skin temperature and tissue oxygen saturation as indirect indicators of local vasomotor and/or inflammatory responses.

Rebound pain was operationally defined as initially mild postoperative pain (NRS <4 at post-anesthesia care unit discharge), followed by severe pain (NRS ≥7) in the context of block resolution, typically described within 12-24 hours after block resolution. The exact interval between sensory recovery and severe pain onset was not systematically recorded.

Přehled studie

Postavení

Dokončeno

Podmínky

Intervence / Léčba

Detailní popis

This prospective, randomized, single-center controlled trial compared popliteal sciatic nerve block with ankle block in patients undergoing elective forefoot bone surgery. Participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either regional anesthetic technique, combined with standardized general anesthesia.

All peripheral nerve blocks were performed under ultrasound guidance before surgery using ropivacaine 0.5% with adrenaline (1:400,000) and clonidine (75 µg). Ankle blocks targeted the nerves supplying the surgical territory, while popliteal sciatic nerve blocks were supplemented by saphenous nerve blockade when required.

Before recruitment, the general anesthesia protocol was modified from the initially registered regimen involving sevoflurane maintenance to propofol target-controlled infusion for both induction and maintenance. This modification aimed to standardize anesthetic management and limit potential confounding effects on postoperative pain assessment. Sufentanil was reserved for intraoperative rescue analgesia but was not required. No intravenous ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or dexamethasone was administered.

Perioperative physiological assessments included infrared skin temperature measurements and tissue oxygen saturation monitoring using INVOS near-infrared spectroscopy on the operated and contralateral limbs. The originally planned Periflux measurements were discontinued before recruitment because the local heating required by this technique could interfere with skin temperature assessment. Preoperative hs-CRP and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio measurements were performed, but the originally planned postoperative biomarker assessments were not conducted.

Postoperative analgesia was standardized using paracetamol and ibuprofen, with tramadol available as rescue medication. Patients remained hospitalized for approximately 24-48 hours, allowing clinical monitoring during sensory block regression and recovery. Follow-up assessments were conducted during hospitalization and by telephone on postoperative days 4 and 30 and at 3 months.

The study primarily compared rebound pain occurrence between the two regional anesthetic techniques. However, the exact onset of severe pain was not systematically timestamped, preventing reliable reconstruction of the originally registered 24-hour endpoint. The operational assessment and corresponding sensitivity analysis are specified in the Outcome Measures section.

Typ studie

Intervenční

Zápis (Aktuální)

90

Fáze

  • Nelze použít

Kontakty a umístění

Tato část poskytuje kontaktní údaje pro ty, kteří studii provádějí, a informace o tom, kde se tato studie provádí.

Studijní místa

      • Brussels, Belgie, 1200
        • Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc

Kritéria účasti

Výzkumníci hledají lidi, kteří odpovídají určitému popisu, kterému se říká kritéria způsobilosti. Některé příklady těchto kritérií jsou celkový zdravotní stav osoby nebo předchozí léčba.

Kritéria způsobilosti

Věk způsobilý ke studiu

18 let až 75 let (Dospělý, Starší dospělý)

Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky

Ne

Pohlaví způsobilá ke studiu

Všechno

Popis

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Any surgery of the bones of the lower limbs performed as part of a PNB associated with general anaesthesia after lower limb bone surgery
  • Patient aged between 18 and 75 years old.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • refusal to participate
  • contraindication to the use of local anesthetics
  • contraindication to the use of general anesthesia
  • contraindication to regular use of postoperative analgesics like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol
  • cognitive disorders
  • inability to answer perioperative questionnaires (language problem).

Studijní plán

Tato část poskytuje podrobnosti o studijním plánu, včetně toho, jak je studie navržena a co studie měří.

Jak je studie koncipována?

Detaily designu

  • Primární účel: Jiný
  • Přidělení: Randomizované
  • Intervenční model: Paralelní přiřazení
  • Maskování: Žádné (otevřený štítek)

Zbraně a zásahy

Skupina účastníků / Arm
Intervence / Léčba
Jiný: Popliteal sciatic nerve block

An ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block was performed using ropivacaine 0.5% combined with adrenaline (1:400,000) and clonidine (75 μg). The popliteal block generally required 20-30 mL of local anesthetic solution. An additional ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block was performed when indicated by the surgical territory, with total administered volumes reaching up to 40 mL. The maximum permitted ropivacaine dose was 4 mg/kg, not exceeding 300 mg.

The regional anesthesia technique was combined with standardized general anesthesia induced and maintained using propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI).

Elective forefoot bone surgery under popliteal sciatic nerve

Elective forefoot bone surgery under an ankle block

Jiný: Ankle block

An ultrasound-guided ankle block was performed using 15-20 mL of ropivacaine 0.5% combined with adrenaline (1:400,000) and clonidine (75 μg). The block targeted the saphenous, superficial peroneal, deep peroneal, and tibial nerves. The maximum permitted ropivacaine dose was 4 mg/kg, not exceeding 300 mg.

The regional anesthesia technique was combined with standardized general anesthesia induced and maintained using propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI).

Elective forefoot bone surgery under popliteal sciatic nerve

Elective forefoot bone surgery under an ankle block

Co je měření studie?

Primární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Incidence of rebound pain following peripheral nerve block resolution
Časové okno: During postoperative hospitalization (approximately 24-48 hours), including the period of sensory block resolution.

Rebound pain was assessed as severe postoperative pain (NRS ≥7) following initially mild pain (NRS <4) at post-anesthesia care unit discharge, in the context of peripheral nerve block resolution. Incidence was compared between popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups. A sensitivity analysis used the stricter NRS >7 threshold. The exact onset of severe pain was not systematically timestamped; therefore, the originally registered 24-hour endpoint could not be reliably reconstructed.

During postoperative hospitalization (approximately 24-48 hours), including the period of sensory block resolution.

Sekundární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Perioperative changes in skin temperature
Časové okno: Perioperative period (before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia) and postoperative day 1 (POD1).

Skin temperature (°C) was measured using infrared thermometry on the operated and contralateral feet before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia, and on postoperative day 1. Changes over time and their association with rebound pain occurrence were explored.

Perioperative period (before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia) and postoperative day 1 (POD1).
Perioperative changes in tissue oxygen saturation
Časové okno: Perioperative period (before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia) and postoperative day 1 (POD1).

Tissue oxygen saturation (%) was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (INVOS) on the operated and contralateral feet before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia, and on postoperative day 1. Changes over time and their association with rebound pain occurrence were explored.

Perioperative period (before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia) and postoperative day 1 (POD1).
Preoperative Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) score
Časové okno: Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was administered preoperatively to assess pain-related catastrophizing. The total score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating greater pain catastrophizing. The PCS score was descriptively reported as a baseline patient characteristic and compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.
Preoperative Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) score
Časové okno: Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.

The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) was administered preoperatively to assess anxiety and information needs related to anesthesia and surgery. The total APAIS score ranges from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater preoperative anxiety and/or information needs. The total score was descriptively reported as a baseline patient characteristic and compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.
Preoperative Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-9) score
Časové okno: Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.

The nine-item Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-9) was administered preoperatively to assess symptoms associated with central sensitization. The total score ranges from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating a greater burden of symptoms associated with central sensitization. The CSI-9 score was descriptively reported as a baseline patient characteristic and compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.
Preoperative DN4 questionnaire score
Časové okno: Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.

The Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4) questionnaire was administered preoperatively to assess neuropathic pain characteristics. The total score ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more neuropathic pain features. A score of 4 or higher suggests a neuropathic pain component. The DN4 score was descriptively reported as a baseline patient characteristic and compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.
Postoperative DN2 score at day 4
Časové okno: Postoperative day 4.

The Douleur Neuropathique en 2 Questions (DN2) questionnaire was administered on postoperative day 4 to assess neuropathic pain symptoms. The questionnaire comprises seven items derived from the DN4, each scored as present (1) or absent (0). The total score ranges from 0 to 7, with higher scores indicating more neuropathic pain symptoms. Scores were compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Postoperative day 4.
Postoperative DN2 score at day 30
Časové okno: Postoperative day 30.

The Douleur Neuropathique en 2 Questions (DN2) questionnaire was administered on postoperative day 30 to assess neuropathic pain symptoms. The questionnaire comprises seven items derived from the DN4, each scored as present (1) or absent (0). The total score ranges from 0 to 7, with higher scores indicating more neuropathic pain symptoms. Scores were compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Postoperative day 30.
Postoperative DN2 score at 3 months
Časové okno: 3 months after surgery.

The Douleur Neuropathique en 2 Questions (DN2) questionnaire was administered three months after surgery to assess neuropathic pain symptoms. The questionnaire comprises seven items derived from the DN4, each scored as present (1) or absent (0). The total score ranges from 0 to 7, with higher scores indicating more neuropathic pain symptoms. Scores were compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

3 months after surgery.
Preoperative high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level
Časové okno: Preoperatively, before surgery.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured preoperatively (mg/L) as an exploratory marker of baseline systemic inflammation. Values were descriptively compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups. Postoperative hs-CRP measurements originally planned in the study protocol were not performed.

Preoperatively, before surgery.
Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)
Časové okno: Preoperatively, before surgery.

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated from preoperative blood cell counts as an exploratory marker of baseline systemic inflammation. This dimensionless ratio was descriptively compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups. Postoperative NLR measurements originally planned in the study protocol were not performed.

Preoperatively, before surgery.

Spolupracovníci a vyšetřovatelé

Zde najdete lidi a organizace zapojené do této studie.

Sponzor

Vyšetřovatelé

  • Vrchní vyšetřovatel: Nassim TOUIL, MD, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc- Université Catholique de Louvain

Publikace a užitečné odkazy

Osoba odpovědná za zadávání informací o studiu tyto publikace poskytuje dobrovolně. Mohou se týkat čehokoli, co souvisí se studiem.

Obecné publikace

Termíny studijních záznamů

Tato data sledují průběh záznamů studie a předkládání souhrnných výsledků na ClinicalTrials.gov. Záznamy ze studií a hlášené výsledky jsou před zveřejněním na veřejné webové stránce přezkoumány Národní lékařskou knihovnou (NLM), aby se ujistily, že splňují specifické standardy kontroly kvality.

Hlavní termíny studia

Začátek studia (Aktuální)

24. dubna 2023

Primární dokončení (Aktuální)

7. července 2025

Dokončení studie (Aktuální)

7. července 2025

Termíny zápisu do studia

První předloženo

17. ledna 2023

První předloženo, které splnilo kritéria kontroly kvality

15. února 2023

První zveřejněno (Aktuální)

21. února 2023

Aktualizace studijních záznamů

Poslední zveřejněná aktualizace (Aktuální)

5. listopadu 2026

Odeslaná poslední aktualizace, která splnila kritéria kontroly kvality

2. listopadu 2026

Naposledy ověřeno

1. listopadu 2026

Více informací

Termíny související s touto studií

Další identifikační čísla studie

  • 2022/22SEP/352

Plán pro data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)

Plánujete sdílet data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)?

NE

Informace o lécích a zařízeních, studijní dokumenty

Studuje lékový produkt regulovaný americkým FDA

Ne

Studuje produkt zařízení regulovaný americkým úřadem FDA

Ne

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