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Differenza nell'occorrenza del dolore da rimbalzo nei pazienti sottoposti a intervento chirurgico per blocco popliteo o blocco della caviglia (CBFR)

Rebound Pain Occurrence in Patients Undergoing Forefoot Bone Surgery Under Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block or Distal Sensory Ankle Block: a Randomized Clinical Trial

This single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial compared rebound pain (RP) occurrence following popliteal sciatic nerve block versus ankle block in patients undergoing elective forefoot bone surgery.

Patients were randomized to receive one of the two ultrasound-guided, single-injection peripheral nerve block techniques, combined with standardized general anesthesia induced and maintained using propofol target-controlled infusion.

The primary objective was to compare RP incidence between the two block techniques. Secondary exploratory objectives included assessing postoperative pain trajectories and perioperative changes in skin temperature and tissue oxygen saturation as indirect indicators of local vasomotor and/or inflammatory responses.

Rebound pain was operationally defined as initially mild postoperative pain (NRS <4 at post-anesthesia care unit discharge), followed by severe pain (NRS ≥7) in the context of block resolution, typically described within 12-24 hours after block resolution. The exact interval between sensory recovery and severe pain onset was not systematically recorded.

Panoramica dello studio

Stato

Completato

Condizioni

Intervento / Trattamento

Descrizione dettagliata

This prospective, randomized, single-center controlled trial compared popliteal sciatic nerve block with ankle block in patients undergoing elective forefoot bone surgery. Participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either regional anesthetic technique, combined with standardized general anesthesia.

All peripheral nerve blocks were performed under ultrasound guidance before surgery using ropivacaine 0.5% with adrenaline (1:400,000) and clonidine (75 µg). Ankle blocks targeted the nerves supplying the surgical territory, while popliteal sciatic nerve blocks were supplemented by saphenous nerve blockade when required.

Before recruitment, the general anesthesia protocol was modified from the initially registered regimen involving sevoflurane maintenance to propofol target-controlled infusion for both induction and maintenance. This modification aimed to standardize anesthetic management and limit potential confounding effects on postoperative pain assessment. Sufentanil was reserved for intraoperative rescue analgesia but was not required. No intravenous ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or dexamethasone was administered.

Perioperative physiological assessments included infrared skin temperature measurements and tissue oxygen saturation monitoring using INVOS near-infrared spectroscopy on the operated and contralateral limbs. The originally planned Periflux measurements were discontinued before recruitment because the local heating required by this technique could interfere with skin temperature assessment. Preoperative hs-CRP and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio measurements were performed, but the originally planned postoperative biomarker assessments were not conducted.

Postoperative analgesia was standardized using paracetamol and ibuprofen, with tramadol available as rescue medication. Patients remained hospitalized for approximately 24-48 hours, allowing clinical monitoring during sensory block regression and recovery. Follow-up assessments were conducted during hospitalization and by telephone on postoperative days 4 and 30 and at 3 months.

The study primarily compared rebound pain occurrence between the two regional anesthetic techniques. However, the exact onset of severe pain was not systematically timestamped, preventing reliable reconstruction of the originally registered 24-hour endpoint. The operational assessment and corresponding sensitivity analysis are specified in the Outcome Measures section.

Tipo di studio

Interventistico

Iscrizione (Effettivo)

90

Fase

  • Non applicabile

Contatti e Sedi

Questa sezione fornisce i recapiti di coloro che conducono lo studio e informazioni su dove viene condotto lo studio.

Luoghi di studio

      • Brussels, Belgio, 1200
        • Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc

Criteri di partecipazione

I ricercatori cercano persone che corrispondano a una certa descrizione, chiamata criteri di ammissibilità. Alcuni esempi di questi criteri sono le condizioni generali di salute di una persona o trattamenti precedenti.

Criteri di ammissibilità

Età idonea allo studio

Da 18 anni a 75 anni (Adulto, Adulto più anziano)

Accetta volontari sani

No

Sessi ammissibili allo studio

Tutto

Descrizione

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Any surgery of the bones of the lower limbs performed as part of a PNB associated with general anaesthesia after lower limb bone surgery
  • Patient aged between 18 and 75 years old.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • refusal to participate
  • contraindication to the use of local anesthetics
  • contraindication to the use of general anesthesia
  • contraindication to regular use of postoperative analgesics like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol
  • cognitive disorders
  • inability to answer perioperative questionnaires (language problem).

Piano di studio

Questa sezione fornisce i dettagli del piano di studio, compreso il modo in cui lo studio è progettato e ciò che lo studio sta misurando.

Come è strutturato lo studio?

Dettagli di progettazione

  • Scopo principale: Altro
  • Assegnazione: Randomizzato
  • Modello interventistico: Assegnazione parallela
  • Mascheramento: Nessuno (etichetta aperta)

Armi e interventi

Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm
Intervento / Trattamento
Altro: Popliteal sciatic nerve block

An ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block was performed using ropivacaine 0.5% combined with adrenaline (1:400,000) and clonidine (75 μg). The popliteal block generally required 20-30 mL of local anesthetic solution. An additional ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block was performed when indicated by the surgical territory, with total administered volumes reaching up to 40 mL. The maximum permitted ropivacaine dose was 4 mg/kg, not exceeding 300 mg.

The regional anesthesia technique was combined with standardized general anesthesia induced and maintained using propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI).

Elective forefoot bone surgery under popliteal sciatic nerve

Elective forefoot bone surgery under an ankle block

Altro: Ankle block

An ultrasound-guided ankle block was performed using 15-20 mL of ropivacaine 0.5% combined with adrenaline (1:400,000) and clonidine (75 μg). The block targeted the saphenous, superficial peroneal, deep peroneal, and tibial nerves. The maximum permitted ropivacaine dose was 4 mg/kg, not exceeding 300 mg.

The regional anesthesia technique was combined with standardized general anesthesia induced and maintained using propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI).

Elective forefoot bone surgery under popliteal sciatic nerve

Elective forefoot bone surgery under an ankle block

Cosa sta misurando lo studio?

Misure di risultato primarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Incidence of rebound pain following peripheral nerve block resolution
Lasso di tempo: During postoperative hospitalization (approximately 24-48 hours), including the period of sensory block resolution.

Rebound pain was assessed as severe postoperative pain (NRS ≥7) following initially mild pain (NRS <4) at post-anesthesia care unit discharge, in the context of peripheral nerve block resolution. Incidence was compared between popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups. A sensitivity analysis used the stricter NRS >7 threshold. The exact onset of severe pain was not systematically timestamped; therefore, the originally registered 24-hour endpoint could not be reliably reconstructed.

During postoperative hospitalization (approximately 24-48 hours), including the period of sensory block resolution.

Misure di risultato secondarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Perioperative changes in skin temperature
Lasso di tempo: Perioperative period (before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia) and postoperative day 1 (POD1).

Skin temperature (°C) was measured using infrared thermometry on the operated and contralateral feet before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia, and on postoperative day 1. Changes over time and their association with rebound pain occurrence were explored.

Perioperative period (before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia) and postoperative day 1 (POD1).
Perioperative changes in tissue oxygen saturation
Lasso di tempo: Perioperative period (before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia) and postoperative day 1 (POD1).

Tissue oxygen saturation (%) was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (INVOS) on the operated and contralateral feet before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia, and on postoperative day 1. Changes over time and their association with rebound pain occurrence were explored.

Perioperative period (before and after peripheral nerve block, at emergence from general anesthesia) and postoperative day 1 (POD1).
Preoperative Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) score
Lasso di tempo: Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was administered preoperatively to assess pain-related catastrophizing. The total score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating greater pain catastrophizing. The PCS score was descriptively reported as a baseline patient characteristic and compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.
Preoperative Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) score
Lasso di tempo: Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.

The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) was administered preoperatively to assess anxiety and information needs related to anesthesia and surgery. The total APAIS score ranges from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater preoperative anxiety and/or information needs. The total score was descriptively reported as a baseline patient characteristic and compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.
Preoperative Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-9) score
Lasso di tempo: Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.

The nine-item Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-9) was administered preoperatively to assess symptoms associated with central sensitization. The total score ranges from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating a greater burden of symptoms associated with central sensitization. The CSI-9 score was descriptively reported as a baseline patient characteristic and compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.
Preoperative DN4 questionnaire score
Lasso di tempo: Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.

The Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4) questionnaire was administered preoperatively to assess neuropathic pain characteristics. The total score ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more neuropathic pain features. A score of 4 or higher suggests a neuropathic pain component. The DN4 score was descriptively reported as a baseline patient characteristic and compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Preoperatively, before peripheral nerve block administration.
Postoperative DN2 score at day 4
Lasso di tempo: Postoperative day 4.

The Douleur Neuropathique en 2 Questions (DN2) questionnaire was administered on postoperative day 4 to assess neuropathic pain symptoms. The questionnaire comprises seven items derived from the DN4, each scored as present (1) or absent (0). The total score ranges from 0 to 7, with higher scores indicating more neuropathic pain symptoms. Scores were compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Postoperative day 4.
Postoperative DN2 score at day 30
Lasso di tempo: Postoperative day 30.

The Douleur Neuropathique en 2 Questions (DN2) questionnaire was administered on postoperative day 30 to assess neuropathic pain symptoms. The questionnaire comprises seven items derived from the DN4, each scored as present (1) or absent (0). The total score ranges from 0 to 7, with higher scores indicating more neuropathic pain symptoms. Scores were compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

Postoperative day 30.
Postoperative DN2 score at 3 months
Lasso di tempo: 3 months after surgery.

The Douleur Neuropathique en 2 Questions (DN2) questionnaire was administered three months after surgery to assess neuropathic pain symptoms. The questionnaire comprises seven items derived from the DN4, each scored as present (1) or absent (0). The total score ranges from 0 to 7, with higher scores indicating more neuropathic pain symptoms. Scores were compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups.

3 months after surgery.
Preoperative high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level
Lasso di tempo: Preoperatively, before surgery.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured preoperatively (mg/L) as an exploratory marker of baseline systemic inflammation. Values were descriptively compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups. Postoperative hs-CRP measurements originally planned in the study protocol were not performed.

Preoperatively, before surgery.
Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)
Lasso di tempo: Preoperatively, before surgery.

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated from preoperative blood cell counts as an exploratory marker of baseline systemic inflammation. This dimensionless ratio was descriptively compared between the popliteal sciatic nerve block and ankle block groups. Postoperative NLR measurements originally planned in the study protocol were not performed.

Preoperatively, before surgery.

Collaboratori e investigatori

Qui è dove troverai le persone e le organizzazioni coinvolte in questo studio.

Sponsor

Investigatori

  • Investigatore principale: Nassim TOUIL, MD, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc- Université Catholique de Louvain

Pubblicazioni e link utili

La persona responsabile dell'inserimento delle informazioni sullo studio fornisce volontariamente queste pubblicazioni. Questi possono riguardare qualsiasi cosa relativa allo studio.

Pubblicazioni generali

Studiare le date dei record

Queste date tengono traccia dell'avanzamento della registrazione dello studio e dell'invio dei risultati di sintesi a ClinicalTrials.gov. I record degli studi e i risultati riportati vengono esaminati dalla National Library of Medicine (NLM) per assicurarsi che soddisfino specifici standard di controllo della qualità prima di essere pubblicati sul sito Web pubblico.

Studia le date principali

Inizio studio (Effettivo)

24 aprile 2023

Completamento primario (Effettivo)

7 luglio 2025

Completamento dello studio (Effettivo)

7 luglio 2025

Date di iscrizione allo studio

Primo inviato

17 gennaio 2023

Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità

15 febbraio 2023

Primo Inserito (Effettivo)

21 febbraio 2023

Aggiornamenti dei record di studio

Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)

5 novembre 2026

Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC

2 novembre 2026

Ultimo verificato

1 novembre 2026

Maggiori informazioni

Termini relativi a questo studio

Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio

  • 2022/22SEP/352

Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)

Hai intenzione di condividere i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)?

NO

Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio

Studia un prodotto farmaceutico regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Studia un dispositivo regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .